Exercise phyiology Final

What is the primary role of the cori cycle?

To convert lactate back to glucose in the liver

Chronic excessive cortisol may result in ____?

Reductions muscle size

Which of the following processes is directly responsible for the majority of ATP Production in the cell?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

T or F, oxygen consumption is a very good indicator of beta-oxidation?

False, oxygen consumption is a good indicator of energy expenditure

What is the primary storage form of fats in the body?

Triglycerides

Where does beta-oxidation occur within the cell?

Mitchondria

The term “complex carbohydrate” describes dietary _____.

Starch

How does exercise affect insulin action?

Increases insulin sensitivity

The CNS relies predominantly on which energy substrate?

Glucose

T or F, During exercise, triglycerides are mobilized from adipocytes, the liver, or the muscle. enter the blood stream as free fatty acids and are metabolized into acetyl CoA molecules through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. 

True

What is the primary input for the TCA cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

How long does the ATP-PC system normally last?

10-15 seconds

Why may RER be greater then 1?

Bicarbonate buffers the acidic environment, resulting in additional carbon dioxide

A distance track athlete is training. Which of the following workouts will result in the greatest EPOC for this individual?

Running intervals of 3 mins at faster than a race pace followed by 1 min rest, then repeat

which of the following is not a by-product of the citric acid cycle?

Pyruvate

What is the thermic effect of food?

The energy it takes to digest and process food

T or F, Exercise training decreases intramuscular lipid content for more efficient utilization of fatty acids during low/moderate intensity exercise?

False, exercise training increases intramuscular lipid content.

An activity lasting 90 seconds would rely predominantly on which energy system?

Fast glycolysis

Which of the following statements about the thermic effect of food is true?

TEF is higher for proteins than for carbohydrates

What is the primary reason for the increased energy expenditure in cold climates?

Increased energy required to maintain body temperature

What is the primary mechanism by which physical activity increases total daily energy expenditure?

By increases energy expenditure from activity

What is the process of glycogen synthesis form glucose called?

Glucogenesis

What is the process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol called?

Lypolysis

T or F, Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA enter the citric acid cycle to generate NADH, FADH2, and ATP?

True

Anabolic processes _____ energy, while catabolic processes _____ energy.

Require, release

What is the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists in diabetes management?

increase insulin sensitivity

The process of the liver converting lactate to glycogen is called?

Cori cycle

T or F, Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle to generate malate

False, is generates NADH, ATP, FADH2

Which of the following contributes the most to basal metabolic rate during rest?

Liver

After a marathon race an individual has drained glycogen supplies to initiate _____ the individual should consume a carb rich meal?

Glucogenesis

T or F, Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria in order to generate ATP, NADH, and Pyruvate?

False, glycolysis occurs into the cytosol of the cell.

T or False, As the intensity of an exercise increases, utilization of lipids as an energy source increases?

False, the energy source moves to carbs

_____ is the largest contributor to overall energy expenditure during rest?

Resting metabolic rate

During prolonged low-intensity exercise, _____ serves as the main energy substrate throughout exercise?

Fat

Which of the following is used to assess bone mineral content and osteoporosis?

DXA

When does most protein synthesis occur?

After exercise

What is the end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

Lactate

When hormone is released in response to stress and promotes gluconeogenesis?

Cortisol

A low intensity activity lasting 60 min would rely predominantly on which energy system?

Beta-oxidation

Obesity is classified as a BMI greater than?

30

_____ is the second most abundant nutrient in the body next to water?

Protein

Which of these is a storage site for glycogen?

Liver

What does the term EPOC stand for in exercise physiology?

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

_____ is essential fat for men whereas _____ is essential fat for women?

3% and 12%

What is the net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose through anaerobic glycolysis?

2 ATP

How does exercise training impact the utilization of energy systems?

It enhances the capacity of aerobic metabolism

Which of the following is a key enzyme in the ATP-PC system?

Creatine kinase

T or F, Accumulation of AMP occurs when the ATP-PC system becomes depleted. This accumulation of AMP helps facilitate glucose entering the cell to initiate glycolysis.

True

Carbohydrates are classified as all of the following except:

gluconeogenesis

What is the primary reason for the higher thermic effect of protein compared to carbohydrates and fats?

Protein requires more energy for digestion and absorption

How many molecules of NADH are produced per glucose molecule during glycolysis?

2 NADH

Which macromolecule is not stored in the body?

Protein

Which macromolecule provides the most energy per gram?

Fats

What is the main function of the electron transport chain?

To generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Sucrose

True or False, if False select why the following statement is false. Accumulation of AMP occurs when the ATP-PC system becomes depleted. This accumulation of AMP helps facilitate lipids entering the cell to initiate beta-oxidation

False, the accumulation of AMP facilitates glucose entering the cell to initiate glycolysis

What does RER stand for in exercise physiology?

Respiratory Exchange Ratio

A “health guru” is selling a new diet pill that “stops your body from storing sugar” (e.g. stops glycogen storage). Answer the following question based on that information. What process will initiate if the body can no longer store sugar (ie glucose) and the brain needs glucose?

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis would occur under which of these situations?

Intense physical activity without sufficient carbohydrate intake

How does pregnancy affect energy expenditure?

Increases energy expenditure

With detraining oxygen deficit_____

Increases

What is the role of glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1)?

Increase insulin secretion

What percentage of Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) is typically attributed to the thermic effect of food? 

5-10%

What is the primary role of ghrelin?

Increase hunger

Which of the following factors can lead to an increase in Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)?

High-intensity exercise

Which of the following is NOT a by-product of glycolysis?

FADH2

Which of the following processes is responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA?

Lipogenesis

What is the primary function of IGF-1 in muscle cells?

Activate protein synthesis

Which of the following best describes the role of titin in muscle contraction?

It provides structural support and elasticity

Which signaling pathway is promarily responsible for muscle protein synthesis?

mTOR pathway

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

It contracts and moves down

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?

Movement and support

T or F, Excitation-Contraction coupling an action potential travels down the motor neuron thich cause the release of acetyl choline into the neuromuscular junction?

True

What type of muscle contraction involves muscle shortening?

Concentric

What is the main regulator of protein synthesis?

mTOR

T or F, Calcium binds with troponin to allow for the conformational change of the complex and opening the titin/actin binding site

False, it opens the Myosin/actin binding site

What is the primary function of the motor unit in muscle contractions?

Transmit AP form the nerve to the muscle

What type of muscle contraction is most associated with muscle damage and subsequent hypertrophy

Eccentric

Which best describes the length-tension relationship in muscle contraction?

greatest force is produced when at an intermediate length

Which training would allow for increased muscular power?

Jump training with low volume

Primary effect of exercise training on the lactate threshold and what does this mean?

Increases threshold, meaning an individual can exercise at a higher intensity without accumulating lactate

_____ muscles tend to have a faster twitch speed compared to _____ muscles?

Fusiform, pennated

Primary role of satellite cells in the muscle adaptation to exercise?

aid in muscle repair and growth

Maximal ventilatory volume is the product of?

Breathing rate and tidal volume

As exercise intensity increases _____ increases

tidal volume

What is the primary effect of exercise training on the respirtory muscles?

No effect

After an AP has reached the neuromuscular junciton, an AP travels throughout the muscle to release _____ from the _____?

Calcium, SR

Primary effect of hyperventilation on blood pH

Increases blood pH

Muscle fibers that have high ATPase acdtivity for stronger contraction that fatigue quickly?

type IIX

What type of contraction occurs without a change in muscle length

Isometric

What is the primary function of the T-tubules in muscle cells?

Transmit AP into the muscle fiber

True or false, if false explain why. A powerstroke involves the hydrolysis of ATP by myosin to release energy to pull myosin filaments closer together.

False, actin filaments are pulled closer together 

What is the primary function of the Z-line in a sarcomere?

Anchor actin filaments

The body requires __________ different amino acids.

20

The majority of protein synthesis occurs________

After exercise

True or false, if false explain why. Calcium binds with tropomyosin to allow for the conformational change of the troponin/tropomyosin complex and opening the actin:myosin binding site.

False, calcium binds with troponin

What is the primary function of the neuromuscular junction?

Transmit action potentials from the nerve to the muscle

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type IIx muscle fibers?

High glycolytic capacity

What are satellite cells?

Myogenic stem cells that aid in muscle repair and growth

What is the primary cause of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?

Eccentric contractions