Muscular System (Old)

How many muscles do we have in our body?

Over 600 muscles are in the body.

How many muscles are in the face alone?

60

How many muscles does it take to smile compared to frowning?

20 muscles to smile, but 40 muscles to frown.

What are the 3 main functions of the muscular system?

Movement
Posture
Bodily Functions (Or homeostasis)

What are muscles made out of?

Muscle Fibers

What happens when muscles contract?

When muscles contract, they shorten and pull on the bones they're attached to. This movement causes the bones to move, which in turn causes the body to move.

Muscles don’t not push. What do they do instead?

One side is pulling in one direction while another muscle relaxes

What fraction of our muscles do we usually only use?

1 third.

Are all or most muscles in one’s body always a little bit contracted?

The answer is most.

What do your muscles do while you are unconscious?

The muscles relax and maintain posture.

What is homeostasis?

The tendency of a living thing to maintain a stable internal state. It is the balance of conditions such as temperature and resources.

What happens when muscles contract to the temperature?

Muscles release heat when they contract.

How does shivering relate to the muscle contractions?

When you shiver, the muscles contract, generating heat and raising one’s body temperature.

What are the 3 types of muscles?

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

What type of muscle only performs voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscles

Do skeletal muscles perform voluntary or involuntary movement?

Voluntary

Where can skeletal muscles be found?

Attached to bones

Where are smooth muscles found?

They are found inside some organs, such as the intestines and the stomach.

What muscles are found inside organs, such as the intestines and the stomach?

Smooth muscles

What muscles perform involuntary movements?

Smooth and cardiac muscles

Do smooth muscles perform voluntary or involuntary movement?

Involuntary

Do cardiac muscles perform voluntary or involuntary movement?

Involuntary

What type of muscles line up one’s stomach wall and pushes food into the digestive system?

Smooth muscles

What do cardiac muscles make up?

The thick middle layer of the heart

How fast do cardiac muscles and smooth muscles contract?

Slowly unless in emergencies

Outline how each of the three types of muscles are being used by Usain Bolt in the 100m sprint.

You must have an example for all 3 types as 1 example for 1 type is worth one mark.

Example:
The skeletal muscles are responsible for generating the force needed to push off the ground and run. Smooth muscles help regulate blood flow, ensuring that his working muscles get the oxygen and nutrients they need. Cardiac muscle, found only in the heart, works to pump blood throughout one’s body, delivering oxygen and removing waste products.

How does the Central Nervous System relate?

The central nervous system sends neurotransmitters (or a message) for a muscle to pull a bone.

What is adequate posture?

Muscles continual state of ‘tone’ allows our body to maintain posture. THe muscles constantly work in state of slight contraction.

What are essential bodily functions?

Essential bodily functions are the basic processes that your body needs to perform to stay alive.

What muscles has a striated appearance?

Skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles

What type of muscle is this?

The skeletal muscle

What type of muscle is this?

The smooth muscle

What type of muscle is this?

The cardiac muscke

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers?

Slow Twitch (Type I)
Fast Twitch (Type IIA)
Fast Twitch (Type IIB)

What do red fibres and white fibres refer to?

Red refers to slow

White refers to fast

What is the definition of aerobic?

Requires oxygen to function

What is the definition of anaerobic?

Doesn’t require oxygen to function

What is creatine phosphate?

What is a high-energy molecule stored in muscles.

What is the contraction speed for IA?

Slow

What is the contraction speed for IIA and IIB?

Fast

What fatigues quickly? IIB or IA?

IIB

What are bigger? IA or IIA and IIB?

IIA and IIB

What is twitch IA main use?

They are used mostly for endurance activities as these muscles contract repeatedly for continuous activities.

What is the twitch IIA main use?

Fatigue resistance (but used less than twitch IA)

Are faster twitches bigger or smaller?

Bigger

What is the twitch IIB main use?

Speed, strength and power-based activities

Where does IA twitches get its energy from?

Aerobic energy system

Is the IA twitch aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic

Is the IIA twitch aerobic or anaerobic?

Partially both

Is the IIB twitch aerobic or anaerobic?

Anaerobic

What type of twitch are mainly used by a marathon runner or endurance cyclist?

IA

What type of twitch are mainly used by a person doing a speed endurance-based activity (400m, 800m)

IIA

What type of twitch is mainly used for 100m, 200m sprint, field events like throws/jumps, 50m swimming freestyle?

IIB

What is the force available with the fast twitch compared to the slow twitch?

Fast twitch has maximal force available while a slow twitch has low maximal force available.

What is the oxygen supply with the fast twitch compared with the slow twitch?

The fast twitch has limited oxygen supply while the slow twitch has plentiful.

What is the fatiguability for the fast twitch compared with the slow twitch?

The fast twitch has high fatiguability but the slow twitch has low fatiguability.

What is the blood supply for the fast twitch compared with the slow twitch.

The fast twitch has low blood supply but the slow twitch has high blood supply.

What is the storage of creatine phosphate for the fast twitch compared with the slow twitch.

The fast twitch has high stores of creatine phosphate while the slow twitch has low stores of creatine phosphate.

What is the storage of stores of glycogen for the fast twitch compared with the slow twitch.

Both have high stores of glycogen.

What is the definition of glycogen?

Stored form of glucose.

What is the mitochondrial density compared with the fast twitch and the slow twitch?

The fast twitch has low mitochondrial density but the slow twitch has high mitochondrial density.

What is the stores of fat compared with the fast twitch and the slow twitch?

The fast twitch has low stores of fat, however the slow twitch has high stores of fat.

What is the capillary density with the fast twitch compared to the slow twitch?

The fast twitch has low capillary density while the slow twitch has high capillary density.

What are tendons?

Tendons are soft tissues that usually attach muscles to bones. They cross a joint and attach itself to 1 or more joints.

What are ligaments?

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

What is the purpose of the ligament?

They provide stability at the joint.

What is a cartilage?

A smooth, slightly elastic tissue. Its functions include friction reduction across joints, reduced damage to joints, shock absorber, body protection, support and shape.

What are the cartilage functions?

Its functions include friction reduction across joints, reduced damage to joints, shock absorber, body protection, support and shape.

What are origins in the context of the structure of the skeletal muscles?

Origin in this context refers to the point of attachment that is usually closer to the midline of the body as it is the most stable.

What is insertion?

The attachent which is furthest from the midline of the body. It is usually attached to the bone that is moved on contraction.

What is the speed of contraction with the fast twitch compared with the slow twitch?

The slow twitch contracts slowly while the fast twitch contracts quickly.

What are isotonic contractions?

Contraction where the muscle changed length against a constant load.

What two types of muscular contraction are types of isotonic contractions?

Concentric contraction and eccentric contraction.

What type of muscular contraction is concentric contraction?

Isotonic contraction.

What type of muscular contraction is eccentric contraction?

Isotonic contraction.

What is concentric contraction?

A contraction where the muscles shortens.

What is eccentric contraction?

A contraction where the muscles lengthens.

What is isometric contraction?

A type of strength training where the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction.

What type of contraction is a plank?

Isometric.

How do muscles help us move?

Muscles can pull on bones or change joint angles. Another muscle then revert the bone to its original position. Muscles work in pairs.

What is an agonist and an antagonist?

The agonist is responsible for the movement by contracting, and the antagonist relaxes to allow the movement to occur.

What do agonist assist?

Muscles called ‘synergists’.

What happens when an elbow joint is flexed?

Flexor muscles contract. Extensor muscles relax.

What happens when elbow joints extend?

Extensor muscles contract. Flexor muscles relax.

What are the agonist and antagonist during bicep curls?

Biceps are the agonist and the triceps are antagonist.

What are the agonist and antagonist during tricepsextension?

Triceps are the agonist and biceps are the antagonist.

Describe fast twitch muscle fibres.

Fast twitch muscle fibers are a type of muscle fiber that contracts quickly and powerfully. They are responsible for generating a lot of force, but they also fatigue quickly. This means that they are best suited for short bursts of activity, such as sprinting or weightlifting.  

Contrast fast and slow twitch muscle fibres.

Fast-twitch muscle fibres contract quickly and powerfully, but they fatigue easily. However slow twitch muscle fibres contract slowly and with less force, but they can sustain activity for longer periods of time. Fast twitch muscle fibres are used for activities that require short bursts of speed and power, such as sprinting and jumping. However slow twitch muscle fibres are used for activities that require endurance, such as long-distance running and swimming.

Using sporting examples, compare fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibres.

Example:

Usain Bolt is a sprinter. He has a lot of fast twitch muscle fibres, which generate powerful bursts of speed for short periods. On the other hand, Eliud Kipchoge (Who is a marathon runner) has more slow twitch muscle fibres which are better for endurance activities. Fast twitch fibres are quick and powerful. This helps Usain Bolt. However solve twitch fibres are short but last longer so they are more effective in marathons.

What muscle group is this?

Deltoid

What muscle group is this?

Biceps

What muscle group is this?

Quadriceps

What muscle group is this?

Pectoralis Major

What muscle group is this?

Abdominals

What muscle group is this?

Latissimus Dorsi

What is this muscle group?

Trapezius

What muscle group is this?

Triceps

What muscle group is this?

Gluteus Maximus

What muscle group is this?

Gastrocnemius

What muscle is at the top of the shoulders?

Deltoid