ADVANCED GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION

your particular way of speaking

dialect

follows grammar rules

prescriptive English

describes everyone's grammar

descriptive English

a grammar of a language is a description of that language. This description does not make value judgments

grammar

Who wrote the Art of Letters

Dionysius Thrax

What was Thrax's points

1. To aid in the study of literature

2. to preserve the purity of grammar

What did Dionysius Thrax write?

The Art of Letters

What is the standard of grammar based upon?

the educated

What three people are talked about in reference to prescriptive, traditional grammar

Jonathan Swift and Robert Lowth

Who is the Father of Modern Linguistics

Ferdinand de Saussure

English comes mainly from (according to Traditional Grammar)

Latin and Greek

Give four characteristics of Traditional grammar

1. Robert Lowth and Jonathan Swift

2. Latin is Superior

3. Webster believed there should be flexibility, but not much

4. Common English should not be used

Four descriptions of Structuralism

1. Ferdinand de Saussure

2. Langue and Parole

3. Sign, Signifier, Signified

4. Modern linguistics

Four characteristics of Transformational Grammar

1. Our minds' ability to produce grammar

2. Universal grammar rules

3. Noam Chomsky

4. Competence

Big Theories of Chomsky

1. There really are no universal grammar rules, even though he tried to see if there were any

2. Our minds have the ability to produce grammar

Rules that describe what is

constitutive Rules

Rulesd that describe what should be

Regulative rules

an essay is the written expression of its authors' ______

opinion

T/F: People can be purely either prescriptive or descriptive

false

Two Axioms of the Essayist

1. Think before you write

2. Opinion will always come first

Dionysius Thrax was from where

Greece

a spoken or written sentence that is fluent English

grammaticality

contextual judgements about a sentence or phrase

appropriateness

what is langue

language itself; a system

What is Parole

the individual use of language

What is form

the part of speech

what is function

how the part of speech works in the sentence

What two things need clarity in your paper

thesis and topic sentence

phrase

one or more words that work together in a sentence