Jazz Music Lecture Notes

Flashcards on the topic of Jazz music based on lecture notes.

What are the stylistic origins of Jazz?

Blues, ragtime, spirituals, folk marches, European classical music, West African music.

What are the cultural origins of Jazz?

Late 19th century, New Orleans, U.S.

What are the derivative forms of Jazz?

Rock and roll, rock, jump blues, traditional pop, reggae, rhythm and blues, ska, funk, hip-hop, house, neo soul, lounge.

What are some subgenres of Jazz?

Jazz fusion, jazz poetry, avant-garde jazz, bebop, big band, chamber jazz, cool jazz, free jazz, gypsy jazz, hard bop, Latin jazz, mainstream jazz, modal jazz, M-Base, neo-bop, orchestral jazz, post-bop, progressive jazz, soul jazz, straight-ahead jazz, swing, third stream, traditional jazz

What are some fusion genres of Jazz?

Acid jazz, Afrobeat, Afro fusion, bluegrass, bossa nova, dansband, folk jazz, free funk, humppa, Indo jazz, jam band, jazzcore, jazz-funk, jazz fusion, jazz rap, kwela, Mambo Manila Sound nu jazz neo soul, punk jazz ska jazz smooth jazz, swing revival Western swing world fusion

What is Jazz?

A music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans.

What characterizes Jazz music?

Swing and blue notes, complex chords, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation.

When and where did New Orleans jazz begin?

Began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation.

What were the prominent jazz styles in the 1930s?

Arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, and gypsy jazz.

What impact did Bebop have on Jazz?

Shifted jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician's music.

What are the characteristics of Cool Jazz?

Calmer, smoother sounds and long, linear melodic lines.

What influences did Hard Bop introduce to Jazz?

Influences from rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues to small groups and particularly to saxophone and piano.

What is the basis of structure for Modal Jazz?

Using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation.

What elements combined to create Jazz Fusion?

Combining jazz improvisation with rock music's rhythms, electric instruments, and amplified stage sound.

What is Smooth Jazz?

A commercial form of jazz fusion that became successful in the early 1980s.

What does the slang term 'jasm' mean?

pep, energy

What is the origin of the word jazz?

a slang term dating back to 1860 meaning pep, energy.

In which newspaper was the earliest written record of the word jazz published?

Los Angeles Times

In which newspaper was the word Jazz documeted in a musical context first?

Chicago Daily Tribune

According to Eubie Blake, what were the initial connotations of the term 'JASS'?

A slang term that was initially considered dirty.

Which society named the word jazz the Word of the 20th Century?

The American Dialect Society

According to Joachim-Ernst Berendt, how does jazz differ from European music?

A special relationship to time defined as 'swing'.

According to Travis Jackson, what qualities does jazz include?

Swing, improvising, group interaction, developing an 'individual voice', and being open to different musical possibilities.

How does Krin Gabbard describe Jazz?

A construct which designates a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition.

Which famous jazz figure famously said, "It's all music."

Duke Ellington

What earlier form of music is Improvisation attributed to?

Blues

What are the origins of blues?

Work songs and field hollers of African-American slaves on plantations

Which type of music performance is evaluated more by its fidelity to the musical score, with less attention given to interpretation?

Classical music performance

In Jazz, is more value place on the contribution of the composer or performer?

The performer.

How does the the Jazz performer interpret a tune?

The performer interprets a tune in individual ways, never playing the same composition twice

What role did performers play in early Dixieland?

Performers took turns playing melodies and improvising countermelodies.

What did Big Bands rely on in the swing era?

Relied more on arrangements which were written or learned by ear and memorized. Soloists improvised within these arrangements.

How was music arranged in the bebop era?

Minimal arrangements in which the melody was stated briefly at the beginning and most of the piece was improvised.

What aspects of music were abandoned in Modal Jazz?

Abandoned chord progressions to allow musicians to improvise even more.

What instruments are in the Rhythm section?

One or more chordal instruments, double bass, and drums

What changes in Avant- Garde Jazz?

The separation of soloist and band is reduced.

What was Papa Jack Laine called?

The father of white jazz

Who are some recognized female jazz performers?

Betty Carter, Ella Fitzgerald, Adelaide Hall, Billie Holiday, Peggy Lee, Abbey Lincoln, Anita O'Day, Dinah Washington, and Ethel Waters

Besides vocals, what instrument did women begin drawing particular recognition on in the early 1920s?

Lil Hardin Armstrong, Valaida Snow, Irene Higginbotham and Dorothy Fields.

Which band became the first all-female integrated band in the U.S. and the first to tour Europe with the USO?

The International Sweethearts of Rhythm

Who is acknowledged as the first female horn player to work in major bands and to make a real impact on jazz?

Melba Liston

How did Jazz Early development come to be?

By blending African and European sensibilities.

Who gathered socially at a special market, in an area which later became known as Congo Square?

Slaves in the New Orleans area

By 1866, about how many Africans had the Atlantic slave trade bring to North America?

Nearly 400,000

Where did most of the slaves come from?

West Africa and the greater Congo River basin

What are the main African traditions in music?

A single-line melody and call-and-response pattern, counter-metric structure and reflect African speech patterns.

What instruments were used to make Creole music?

Washboards, washtubs, jugs, boxes beaten with sticks or bones, and a drum made by stretching skin over a flour-barrel.

Who said of percussive slave music: Usually such music was associated with annual festivals, when the year's crop was harvested and several days were set aside for celebration.

Robert Palmer

Are spirituals homophonic or heterophonic?

Homophonic

Were rural blues and early jazz heterophony?

heterophony

What type of music did black musicians use their violins to parody?

European dance music

How were African-based rhythmic patterns retained in the United States?

Stomping, clapping, and patting juba dancing

Which jazz historian believed that what preceded New Orleans jazz before 1890 was Afro-Latin music?

Ernest Borneman

Which three-stroke pattern is a fundamental rhythmic figure heard in many different slave musics of the Caribbean?

Tresillo

Which jazz historian has observed By and large the simpler African rhythmic patterns survived in jazz?

Gunther Schuller

How did snare and bass drummers use cross rhythms?

Snare and bass drummers played syncopated cross-rhythms

What musical genre gained international popularity in the 19th century?

Havanera

Who states that the musical genre habanera reached the U.S. twenty years before the first rag was published

John Storm Roberts

From the perspective of African-American music, what can the habanera rhythm be thought of as?

Combination of tresillo and backbeat

Who adapted the tresillo variant cinquillo?

Scott Joplin and other ragtime composers

Compared the music of New Orleans with the music of Cuba calling Tresillo, the New Orleans clave?

Wynton Marsalis

Who Called The Rhythmic figure The Spanish Tinge

Jelly Roll Morton

Which establishments played Ragtime?

Bars, clubs, and brothels

Who popularized Ragtime as Sheet Music'

Ernest Hogan

Which white composer published Mississippi Ragtime Rag as the first written piano instrumental ragtime piece?

William Krell

Who produced Original Rags in 1898?

Scott Joplin

Which Scott Joplin song is considered to be in habanera genre?

Solace

Which Genre did the African use of pentatonic scales help develop?

Blues

Who becam interested in folk blues of the Deep South while traveling through the Mississippi Delta?

W. C. Handy

According to W.C. Handy, what are the Third and Seventh tones of the scale?

Slurring between the major and minor

In which year was the sheet music for Memphis Blues published?

1912

What did W.C. handy contribute to?

Codification of jazz

What could the slaves practice in New Orleans?

Elements of their culture such as voodoo and playing drums

Which district of New Orleans was the city's red light district?

Storyville

What instruments did Jazz bands used to play?

Brass, drums, and reeds

Which shows carried jazz to cities in the northern and western parts of the U.S.?

Vaudeville shows

In what year did Jazz become international?

1914

Which band performed the first jazz concert outside the US?

Creole Band with cornettist Freddie Keppard

Who played in New Orleans, a white bandleader integrated blacks and whites in his marching band?

Papa Jack Laine

Where Was Jazz Mostly Performed?

Mulatto Communities

Who Played Cornet from 1895 to 1906 in New Orleans?

Buddy Bolden

Which Element did Jelly Roll Morton considered to be essintail to jazz?

Spanish tinge

From what music style did Jazz originate from.

Ragtime

What type of rhythem is Swing?

African-based rhythmic technique

When Swing developed who broadened the jazz solo vocabulary?

Louis Armstrong

During the early 1900s what other genre was Jazz?

Ragtime

Where did jazz make it's apperance during Prohibition?

Speakeasies

Which orignal band from New Orleans made a recording in 1922?

Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band

What city Was Developing Hot Jazz during the late 1920s?

Chicago

In 1918 Which musiclans market had the bigger success?

White Orchestras

When did Paul Whiteman commissioned George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue?

1924

What did Ellington call his Music, other than Jazz

American Music

When did Europen Jazz gain an audience?

Lonnie Johnson

During the 1920 what countries gained populartiy in Jazz music?

British jazz

Whom traveled to Europe during World War 2?

Swing acts and big bands

During which years did commercial recorded ban on music take effect?

1942 and 1944

Which group of musicians developed the more uptempo, improvisational style of jazz?

Bebop

Which singer was consider to be a famous big band during the 1940s?

Peggy Lee

Who composed intricate yet danceable pieces for bebop musician.

Dizzy Gillespie

Who Heard the sounds of jazz back in the 1943?

Gunther Schuller