AP European History Chapter 24 Reading Guide

Einstein's Work

Revolutionized physics with special and general relativity, challenging traditional concepts of space, time, and gravity.

Will to Power

Nietzsche's concept advocating for the individual's drive for power and dominance.

Übermensch

Nietzsche's idea of a 'superman' who transcends traditional morality to create their own values.

Intuition

Bergson emphasized this over reason as a way to understand reality.

Direct Action

Sorel's advocacy for using violence and myths to inspire revolutionary change.

Unconscious

Freud's concept that drives much of human behavior through repressed desires and memories.

Id

One of Freud’s key components of the psyche representing primal desires.

Ego

Freud's component of the psyche that mediates between the id and reality.

Superego

Freud's concept representing the moral conscience in the psyche.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin’s natural selection to social hierarchies, justifying imperialism and inequality.

Racism

Belief that certain races are superior to others, often fueled by Social Darwinism.

Modern Scientific Thought

Challenged religious beliefs and traditional views held by churches.

Naturalism

Literary movement focused on depicting the harsh realities of life, influenced by scientific thought.

Symbolism

An artistic movement that expresses experiences through symbolic representation.

Impressionism

Art movement capturing fleeting moments and the effects of light and color.

Post-Impressionism

Art movement extending beyond impressionism, emphasizing structure and emotional expression.

Expressionism

Art that portrays emotional experiences and individual perspectives.

Grieg

Composer known for incorporating folk music into his works.

Debussy

Pioneer of impressionistic music focusing on mood and innovative scales.

Women’s Suffrage

Movement advocating for women's right to vote, gaining momentum in the early 20th century.

The New Woman

Represents a shift towards independence and public participation for women.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice and discrimination against Jews, prevalent in Austria and Germany.

Persecution

Widespread discriminatory actions against Jews in Eastern Europe, such as pogroms.

Zionist Movement

Led by Theodor Herzl, advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Liberalism in Great Britain

Expansion of social reforms and suffrage for more citizens, including women.

Political Instability in Italy

Struggle for unification and tension between liberal and conservative factions.

Dreyfus Affair

Significant political scandal in France highlighting antisemitism and social tensions.

Tensions in Germany

Growing social and political conflicts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Nationalities in Austria-Hungary

Various ethnic and nationalist movements challenging the stability of the empire.

Revolution of 1905

Dissatisfaction with autocracy leading to limited reforms in Russia.

American Industrial Power

The emergence of the U.S. as a major industrial force on the global stage.

Canada's Independence

Developed as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire.

New Imperialism

Expansion driven by Social Darwinism, economic motives, and religious motivations.

The Scramble for Africa

Division of Africa by European powers, causing major conflicts.

Imperialism in Asia

Expansion of European empires in China, India, and Southeast Asia.

American Imperialism

U.S. influence in regions like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Resistance to Imperialism

Colonized regions responded to imperialism with various resistance movements.

Consequences of New Imperialism

Lasting political, social, and economic impacts on colonized regions.

Bismarckian System

Bismarck's strategy to isolate France and maintain European stability.

Decline of Ottoman Power

Nationalist movements in the Balkans contributing to tensions in the region.

New Alliances Post-Bismarck

Shifting alliances that increased tensions leading to WWI.

Balkans Crises (1908-1913)

Conflicts that set the stage for World War I, including the Bosnian Crisis.

Creative Evolution

Bergson's idea stressing the importance of intuition and creativity in life.

Public Life for Women

The growing movement for women’s rights reflected increased participation in society.

Bergson and Freud

Philosophers emphasizing different aspects of human experience—intuitive understanding and unconscious motivation.

Nationalism

Strong patriotic feelings contributing to political tensions across Europe.

Political Reforms in Great Britain

Measures expanding political rights and social welfare during the 20th century.

Social Movements

Various campaigns aimed at change, including women's rights, socialism, and anti-imperialism.

Expression in Modern Arts

New forms of artistic expression focusing on emotional and subjective experiences.

Cultural Shifts in Modernity

Changes in thought and creative practices influenced by scientific and social developments.

Moral Critique of Society

Philosophers like Nietzsche challenged established moral codes and beliefs.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's therapeutic approach to understanding human behavior through the unconscious.

Revolutionary Change

Advocacy for significant social and political transformations through direct action.

Influence of the Church

Churches' responses to modernity, including adaptation and resistance to change.

Literary Depictions of Reality

Naturalism and realism in literature reflected the harsh truths of life.

Impressionistic Techniques

Artistic methods emphasizing light, color, and atmosphere in scenes.

Racial Ideologies

Social Darwinism fueled beliefs in racial hierarchies and superiority.

Constitutional Developments

Processes in countries like Great Britain towards improving democratic representation.

Suffrage Advocacy

The organized movement to secure women’s voting rights.

Traumas of War

Experiences of violence and conflict shaped the narratives of artists and writers.

Resistance to Authority

Cultural movements reflecting discontent with established power and norms.

Empires' Global Influence

The reach and impact of European and American powers across the globe during imperialism.

Social Change Drivers

Factors behind shifts in societal norms, including industrialization and globalization.

Conflict in the Balkans

Ongoing nationalistic tensions contributing to pre-World War I instability.

Anti-Imperialist Responses

Movements and ideologies opposing imperialist practices and advocating for independence.

Rapid Societal Changes

The transformative effects of industrialization and modern thought on European societies.

Cultural Responses to Industrialization

Art and literature reflecting the complex impacts of modern technological changes.

Philosophical Underpinnings of Modernity

Ideas from thinkers like Nietzsche and Bergson informing the cultural movements.

Psychological Theories

The exploration of human behavior through Freud's framework of the psyche components.

European Nationalism

A powerful force driving the politics and conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Political Movements in Italy

Efforts towards national unity faced challenges from internal divisions.

Assault on Traditional Values

Modern thinkers questioned established norms, particularly in morality and religion.