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Einstein's Work
Revolutionized physics with special and general relativity, challenging traditional concepts of space, time, and gravity.
Will to Power
Nietzsche's concept advocating for the individual's drive for power and dominance.
Übermensch
Nietzsche's idea of a 'superman' who transcends traditional morality to create their own values.
Intuition
Bergson emphasized this over reason as a way to understand reality.
Direct Action
Sorel's advocacy for using violence and myths to inspire revolutionary change.
Unconscious
Freud's concept that drives much of human behavior through repressed desires and memories.
Id
One of Freud’s key components of the psyche representing primal desires.
Ego
Freud's component of the psyche that mediates between the id and reality.
Superego
Freud's concept representing the moral conscience in the psyche.
Social Darwinism
Application of Darwin’s natural selection to social hierarchies, justifying imperialism and inequality.
Racism
Belief that certain races are superior to others, often fueled by Social Darwinism.
Modern Scientific Thought
Challenged religious beliefs and traditional views held by churches.
Naturalism
Literary movement focused on depicting the harsh realities of life, influenced by scientific thought.
Symbolism
An artistic movement that expresses experiences through symbolic representation.
Impressionism
Art movement capturing fleeting moments and the effects of light and color.
Post-Impressionism
Art movement extending beyond impressionism, emphasizing structure and emotional expression.
Expressionism
Art that portrays emotional experiences and individual perspectives.
Grieg
Composer known for incorporating folk music into his works.
Debussy
Pioneer of impressionistic music focusing on mood and innovative scales.
Women’s Suffrage
Movement advocating for women's right to vote, gaining momentum in the early 20th century.
The New Woman
Represents a shift towards independence and public participation for women.
Anti-Semitism
Prejudice and discrimination against Jews, prevalent in Austria and Germany.
Persecution
Widespread discriminatory actions against Jews in Eastern Europe, such as pogroms.
Zionist Movement
Led by Theodor Herzl, advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Liberalism in Great Britain
Expansion of social reforms and suffrage for more citizens, including women.
Political Instability in Italy
Struggle for unification and tension between liberal and conservative factions.
Dreyfus Affair
Significant political scandal in France highlighting antisemitism and social tensions.
Tensions in Germany
Growing social and political conflicts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Nationalities in Austria-Hungary
Various ethnic and nationalist movements challenging the stability of the empire.
Revolution of 1905
Dissatisfaction with autocracy leading to limited reforms in Russia.
American Industrial Power
The emergence of the U.S. as a major industrial force on the global stage.
Canada's Independence
Developed as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire.
New Imperialism
Expansion driven by Social Darwinism, economic motives, and religious motivations.
The Scramble for Africa
Division of Africa by European powers, causing major conflicts.
Imperialism in Asia
Expansion of European empires in China, India, and Southeast Asia.
American Imperialism
U.S. influence in regions like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Resistance to Imperialism
Colonized regions responded to imperialism with various resistance movements.
Consequences of New Imperialism
Lasting political, social, and economic impacts on colonized regions.
Bismarckian System
Bismarck's strategy to isolate France and maintain European stability.
Decline of Ottoman Power
Nationalist movements in the Balkans contributing to tensions in the region.
New Alliances Post-Bismarck
Shifting alliances that increased tensions leading to WWI.
Balkans Crises (1908-1913)
Conflicts that set the stage for World War I, including the Bosnian Crisis.
Creative Evolution
Bergson's idea stressing the importance of intuition and creativity in life.
Public Life for Women
The growing movement for women’s rights reflected increased participation in society.
Bergson and Freud
Philosophers emphasizing different aspects of human experience—intuitive understanding and unconscious motivation.
Nationalism
Strong patriotic feelings contributing to political tensions across Europe.
Political Reforms in Great Britain
Measures expanding political rights and social welfare during the 20th century.
Social Movements
Various campaigns aimed at change, including women's rights, socialism, and anti-imperialism.
Expression in Modern Arts
New forms of artistic expression focusing on emotional and subjective experiences.
Cultural Shifts in Modernity
Changes in thought and creative practices influenced by scientific and social developments.
Moral Critique of Society
Philosophers like Nietzsche challenged established moral codes and beliefs.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's therapeutic approach to understanding human behavior through the unconscious.
Revolutionary Change
Advocacy for significant social and political transformations through direct action.
Influence of the Church
Churches' responses to modernity, including adaptation and resistance to change.
Literary Depictions of Reality
Naturalism and realism in literature reflected the harsh truths of life.
Impressionistic Techniques
Artistic methods emphasizing light, color, and atmosphere in scenes.
Racial Ideologies
Social Darwinism fueled beliefs in racial hierarchies and superiority.
Constitutional Developments
Processes in countries like Great Britain towards improving democratic representation.
Suffrage Advocacy
The organized movement to secure women’s voting rights.
Traumas of War
Experiences of violence and conflict shaped the narratives of artists and writers.
Resistance to Authority
Cultural movements reflecting discontent with established power and norms.
Empires' Global Influence
The reach and impact of European and American powers across the globe during imperialism.
Social Change Drivers
Factors behind shifts in societal norms, including industrialization and globalization.
Conflict in the Balkans
Ongoing nationalistic tensions contributing to pre-World War I instability.
Anti-Imperialist Responses
Movements and ideologies opposing imperialist practices and advocating for independence.
Rapid Societal Changes
The transformative effects of industrialization and modern thought on European societies.
Cultural Responses to Industrialization
Art and literature reflecting the complex impacts of modern technological changes.
Philosophical Underpinnings of Modernity
Ideas from thinkers like Nietzsche and Bergson informing the cultural movements.
Psychological Theories
The exploration of human behavior through Freud's framework of the psyche components.
European Nationalism
A powerful force driving the politics and conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Political Movements in Italy
Efforts towards national unity faced challenges from internal divisions.
Assault on Traditional Values
Modern thinkers questioned established norms, particularly in morality and religion.
