Nutrition exam 3

What are vitamins

They are essential, noncaloric, and organic nutrients needed in tiny amounts

What are vitamin precursors

nonactive forms that transform into active vitamin forms inside the body

What are the 2 classes of vitamins

fat-soluble and water-soluble

What are the fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

What are the 3 active forms of vitamin A found in the body

retinol, retinal, and retinoic

What are the food sources of of vitamin A

animals and plants

What causes night blindness

deficiency of vitamin A

What is vitamin A essential for?

immune function and reproduction and growth

How much vitamin A do women need per day

700 micrograms

How much vitamin A do men need a day

900 micrograms

What are the richest sources of vitamin A

liver, fish, milk, milk products, and fortified foods

What is a beta-carotene categorized as

dietary antioxidant

What are carotenoids

chemical relatives of beta-carotene. deficiency causes macular degeneration

What is the richest source of beta-carotene

sweet potato

Where do humans get their vitamin D

mostly from their diet but the body can synthesize sunlight

What are the roles of Vitamin D

Bone health (calcium regulation) and hormone regulation

What are the 3 body places where vitamin D helps raise calcium levels

skeleton, digestive tract, and kidneys

What are the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency

rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis

What are some food sources of vitamin D

milk, mushrooms, and fortified products

What is vitamin E also known as

tocopherol

What ar ethe 4 tocopherol compounds

alpha, beta, gamma, and delta

What are the roles of vitamin E

antioxidant guarding against oxidative damage by free radicals

What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

loss of muscle coordination, loss of normal reflexes, and impaired vision and speech

What are some food sources of vitamin E

raw oils and lightly processed foods

What are the roles of vitamin K

blood clotting and bone-protein synthesis

What disease does toxicity of vitamin k cause

jaundice

What is a nonfood source of vitamin k

intestinal bacteria

what are some vitamin k food sources

dark green, leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, and fortified foods

What are some characteristics of water-soluble vitamins

dissolve in water and are not stored in the body

What is another name for vitamin C

ascorbic acid

What does vitamin C deficiency cause

scurvy

What are some food sources of vitamin C

fresh fruits and vegetables, white potato, and sweet potato

What roles does thiamin play

it plays a critical role in energy metabolism of all cells

What role does riboflavin play

It plays a role in energy metabolism pathways of all cells

What deficiency does not enough niacin cause

pellagra

What role does folate play

it plays a role in DNA synthesis and participated in the metabolism of vitamin B12 and many amino acids

What are some deficiencies of vitamin B12

anemia, creeping paralysis, general malfunction of nerves and muscles, impairment of mental functioning in the elderly

What are the food sources of vitamin B12

only of animal origin and fortified foods

What are the 3 active forms of vitamin B6

pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine

What are the 2 different types of minerals

major minerals and trace minerals

What is the role of vitamins

they help make possible the processes by which other nutrients are digested, absorbed, and metabolized or built into body structures

What are the 4 shortfall minerals

calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron

What is the most indispensable nutrient

water

What percent of an adults weight is made up of water

60%

How much of the brain and muscle is made up of water

75%-80%

How much of the bones is made up of water

25%

What does caffeine act as

a diuretic

What is the control center for balance of water

hypothalamus

What is metabolic water

water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods

What is hard water

water containing calcium and magnesium

What is soft water

water that contains sodium

What are major minerals

minerals that need at least 100 mg per day

What is the most abundant mineral in the body

calcium

What is hydroxyapatite

the chief crystal of bone and teeth, formed from calcium and phosphorus

What is osteopenia

a condition of low bone mass that often progresses to osteoporosis

What is osteoporosis

reduction to the bone mass of older people in which the bones become porous and fragile

What is a goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency

What is a cretinism

severe mental and physical retardation of an infant caused by the mother’s iodine deficiency during pregnancy

What are some food sources of iodine

seafood, salt, and vegetables grown in iodine-rich soil

What are the two proteins that house iron

hemoglobin and myogobin

What is hemoglobin

the oxygen-carrying protein of the blood found in red blood cells

What is myoglobin

the oxygen holding protein of the muscles

Where is iron stored

liver, bone marrow, and spleen

What are the 2 types of iron

heme and nonheme

What foods have heme iron

meat, poultry, and fish

What foods have nonheme iron

plants and meat

What is pica

a craving and intentional consumption of nonfood substances

What groups are most susceptible to iron deficiency

women in reproductive years and pregnant women as well as infants, toddlers adolescents and obese individuals

What percent of adults in the US are overweight or obese

70%

What are adipokines

hormones released by adipose tissue

What is visceral fat

stored within the abdominal cavity

What is subcutaneous fat

fat lying just beneath the skin

what is basal metabolism

sum total of all involuntary activities necessary to sustain life, excluding digestion

What is the thermic effect of food

how much energy it takes to metabolize nutrients

What is ghrelin

hunger-stimulating hormone

What is ketosis

breakdown of fat molecules

Vitamin E is an important part of the body’s antioxidant network, which does what?

helps maintain the integrity of cell membranes by stopping reactions caused by free radicals

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for cell differentiation, bone growth, immunity, and reproduction?

vitamin A

Which fat-soluble vitamin helps to maintain calcium and phosphorus concentrations?

Vitamin D

Vitamin C, along with other compounds, aids in the regeneration of vitamin __, which allows it to function again.

vitamin E

In the absence of UV light exposure and inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D, what two deficiency diseases may occur (one in children, one in adults)?

Rickets and Osteomalacia

A deficiency of which vitamin may result in hemorrhage due to poor blood clotting?

vitamin K

Smokers are at increased risk of a vitamin __ deficiency because the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation caused by cigarette smoke increases the need for this vitamin.

vitamin E

Many older adults who live in northern climates or reside in a nursing home are at an increased risk of vitamin __ deficiency.

vitamin D

For lunch, Thomas had a almond butter and jelly sandwich on whole wheat bread. He also had a spinach salad topped with avocado, sunflower seeds, and strawberries. Which fat-soluble vitamin was prevalent in his lunch?

vitamin E

Fatty fish, fortified milk, and some fortified breakfast cereals are the best sources for which fat-soluble vitamin?

vitamin D

Red, orange, dark green, and yellow vegetables and orange fruits are sources of which fat-soluble vitamin?

Provitamin A (carotenoids)

Margarine, fat-free, low fat, and reduced fat milks are fortified with which fat-soluble vitamin?

vitamin A

Toxicity of this vitamin will not occur from natural sources in the diet or from excess sun exposure.

vitamin D

While toxicity of this vitamin is rare, symptoms may include hemolytic anemia, excess bilirubin in the blood (jaundice), and death in newborns.

vitamin K

Toxic levels of which vitamin can interfere with the role of vitamin K in blood clotting?

vitamin E

In chronic toxicity of this vitamin, infants and adults show a wide range of signs and symptoms including joint pain, loss of appetite, skin disorders, headache, reduced bone minerals, liver damage, double vision, hemorrhage, and coma.

vitamin A

Calcification of soft tissues, impaired growth, and excess calcium in the blood are toxicity symptoms of which fat-soluble vitamin?

vitamin D

The kidney is the principal site for the production of vitamin ___, also known as calcitriol.

1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3

Unlike other fat-soluble vitamins, this vitamin does not have a specific transport protein in the blood, so it’s carried by lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL).

vitamin E

Over 90% of the body’s vitamin A stores are found where?

In the liver (small amounts are found in the adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles, and eyes).

Approximately 80% of dietary vitamin __ (primarily as phylloquinone) is taken up by the small intestine and incorporated into chylomicrons.

vitamin K

This vitamin does not accumulate in the liver; instead, 90% of this vitamin is localized in adipose tissue.

vitamin E

Which B-vitamins are especially important for energy metabolism?

Thiamin

Riboflavin

Niacin

Pantothenic Acid

Biotin

Which B-vitamin is especially important for amino acid metabolism?

Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine)