origins of life quiz

what does it mean to be alive?

to have cells!!! look at criteria for life flashcard

how are cells organized so that they work together in a coordinated way?

organelles work together to carry out functions

organelles

parts of the cell that are inside it

cells

the basic building block of life, all living things are made up of cells

tissues

groups of cells that have similar function grouped together

organs

includes the digestion organs, respiration organs, circulation organs, and cognitive organs (among others) which work together to maintain homeostasis

organ systems

part of our body that help us stay alive, work together to maintain homeostasis

organisms

small units that contain one or more cells

criteria for life

1. organization (organized via cellular structure)

2. reproduction

3. growth

4. metabolism (need for energy)

5. heredity (evolution)

6. responds to external stimuli (the environment)

7. homeostasis

3 things that are true for all organisms (modern cell theory)

all organism are composed of 1 or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life and organization in organisms, and all cells come from preexisting cells

why are cells so small?

if cells were big, they would be inefficient and would be eliminated quickly. small cells repair easily, are efficient, and allow for diversity of function (can do many things)

how do molecules move across a membrane?

how do cells get what they need

diffusion= moving molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

according to our lab with the purple jello stuff, why have large organisms developed from more cells rather than larger cells

smaller sizes make things easy to change, we saw this through the smaller cube changing completely and the bigger ones not

what do all types of cells have

DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a cell membrane

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

pro—unicellular, no nucleus, DNA is just found in the nucleoid region, small, bacteria/archae

euk—nucleus, membrane bound organelles, 1 or more cells, larger, plants, animals, fungi, etc.

what differences are there between animal and plant cells

plant cells have chloroplasts, a cell wall, and a large central vacuole

why do things need to get in/out of the cell

keeping bad things out, removing waste, bringing in nutrients, biochemical signaling. all of these are examples of maintaining homeostasis (maintaining equilibrium inside the cell)

active vs passive transport

simple diffusion

• substances move straight through the biolayer

• small, nonpolar molecules

• small units of polar substances

facilitated diffusion

• substances move into the cell with the help of a protein

• large, polar molecules

osmosis

• transport of H2O through proteins called aquaporins

how does active transport work

atp (adenosine triphosphate, a type of energy) is used to move substances through a protein into or out of a cell

exocytosis

a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane to send material out of the cell

endocytosis

a vesicle buds off of the cell membrane and brings materials into the cell

microscope

a tool used to enlarge images of small objects so that we can study them

fine adjustment

brings object slowly into fine focus

coarse adjustment

brings object into rapid but coarse focus

stage

platform to support the slide

objectives

attached to the nose piece and contains a lens

surface area to volume ratio

as a cell gets larger, the surface area to volume ratio gets smaller, when cells get larger they cannot take in enough nutrients or remove enough waste to survive (which is why cells have to be small)

cell membrane

Barrier that surrounds all cells. Made of a double (a bilayer) of phospholipids.

cell wall

This structure is rigid and gives plant cells a very defined shape

central vacuole

This is a storage organelle. Plant cells generally have one large one that takes up most of the space within the cell and is used for storage of all sorts of molecules, called the central vacuole

centrosome

structure that functions as a microtubule organizing center, important during cell division

centriole

help organize microtubules, lil tube looking thingies

chloroplast

Converts light energy (from the sun) to chemical energy via the process of photosynthesis. Found only in plant cells

cytoplasm

region of the cell outside the nucleus (filled by the cytosol)

cytosol

material that fills the cytoplasm

smooth ER

Network of membranes and plays a role in the syntheses of lipids and lipid metabolism

rough ER

Network of membranes and is responsible for protein synthesis. It is associated with ribosomes

golgi apparatus

They are the shipping and receiving department of the cell. Materials are received as vesicles and are then sent elsewhere as other vesicles pinch off. Materials are temporarily stored here, and some further chemical reactions do take place there.

lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to break down large molecules and cell parts.

mitochondrion/mitochondria

Burns sugar (glucose) for fuel in the process of cellular respiration. Often referred to as the "engine" or "powerhouse" of the cell. Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, usually several or many per cell

nuclear envelope

membrane that defines the boundary of the nucleus

nucleolus

specialized structure in the nucleus, site of RNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly

nucleus

Contains the genetic material which chemically directs all of the cell's activities. Only found in eukaryotic cells

ribosome

Special organelles that are directly involved in protein synthesis. Found on the surface of the Rough ER and within the cytoplasm of the cell

vacuole

This is a storage organelle. Plant cells generally have one large one that takes up most of the space within the cell and is used for storage of all sorts of molecules.

vesicle

small sac that transports substances

phospholipid bilayer/phospholipid

what the cell membrane is comprised of

phospholipids have polar heads and nonpolar tails

concentration gradients

when a solution is more concentrated in one area than the other

cholesterol

yellow dots

integral protein

protein that goes through the whole bilayer

peripheral protein

only goes through part of the bilayer

where do proteins go?

some proteins are processed in the ER and transported to the golgi for packaging in vesicles to be sent to particular destination

all cells need…

DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a cell membrane

how does the function of a cell relate to its form

they are shaped so they can connect to other things more effectively, also plant cells have rigid walls because they need added strength

how do you use a microscope

1. Start on low power using the coarse zoom until it focuses

2. Switch to medium power and use the fine zoom to focus it again

3. Switch to high power and use the fine zoom to focus, move up and down and left and right if needed