Chapter 1 Quiz Review - Biology Taxonomy and Classification

Comprehensive Q&A flashcards covering Chapter 1 review topics: domains, kingdoms, species concepts, taxonomy, prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, and endosymbiosis.

What are the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms of life?

3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. 6 Kingdoms: Bacteria, Archea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. (Bacteria and Archaea are both domains and kingdoms).

What is the Morphological species concept, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

Description: Compares body, shape, size and structural features. Advantage: Simple and easy to use. Disadvantage: Differences between males and females within a species, as well as general individual differences.

What is the Biological species concept, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

Description: A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed naturally and produce fertile offspring. Advantage: Widely used and most accurate. Disadvantage: Cannot tell if two animals can interbreed just by looking at them; cannot be used to identify fossils and extinct species.

What is the Phylogenetic species concept, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

Description: Uses evolutionary relationships where individuals growing apart over long periods of time become 2 distinct species. Advantage: Can be used for extinct species and uses information learned from DNA analysis. Disadvantage: History and DNA of each species is not yet known, lacking required info.

What are the taxonomic ranks in order from broadest to most specific?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

How is a scientific name written using binomial nomenclature, and who created this system?

Binomial nomenclature was created by Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy. A scientific name begins with the Genus name (capitalized), followed by the species name (lowercase).

What is the advantage of scientific names over common names, and why is Latin used?

Scientific names provide a universal, precise, and standardized way to identify living things. Latin is used because each word in Latin has one meaning.

What are the key characteristics of prokaryotes?

Smaller, have one chromosome, no nucleus, cell division through binary fission, asexual reproduction is common, unicellular, membrane-bound organelles absent, and many are anaerobic (do not require oxygen).

What are the key characteristics of eukaryotes?

Larger, many linear chromosomes, has a nucleus, cell division through mitosis and meiosis, sexual reproduction is common, typically multicellular, membrane-bound organelles present, and most are aerobic (require oxygen).

What are the characteristics and examples for Kingdom Bacteria and Kingdom Archaea?

Bacteria: Prokaryotic, heterotrophic and autotrophic, asexual reproduction (e.g., Staphylococcus). Archaea: Prokaryotic, heterotrophic and autotrophic, asexual reproduction (e.g., Sulfolobus archaea).

What are the characteristics and examples for Kingdom Protista and Kingdom Fungi?

Protista: Eukaryotic, heterotrophic and autotrophic, sexual and asexual reproduction (e.g., Amoeba). Fungi: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic, heterotrophs, asexual and sexual reproduction (e.g., Mushroom).

What are the characteristics and examples for Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia?

Plantae: Eukaryotic, autotrophs, sexual reproduction (e.g., Maple Tree). Animalia: Eukaryotic, heterotrophs, sexual reproduction (e.g., Rabbit).

What is endosymbiosis, and which organelles are associated with it?

Endosymbiosis is one organism taking up permanent residence inside another and eventually evolving into a single lineage. Associated organelles: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.

What evidence supports the concept of endosymbiosis?

Evidence includes circular DNA like bacteria, reproduction like bacteria, and ribosomes representing those in bacteria that share common genetic material.

How did other membrane-bound organelles like the ER and nuclear membranes originate?

The ER and nuclear membranes evolved from the infolding of the outer membrane in order for the cell to communicate between the outer and inner environments.

How did unicellular organisms evolve into multicellular organisms?

Prokaryotes grouped together initially performing the same function individually. When prokaryotes turned into eukaryotes, they became specialized, performing different functions while working together and depending on one another.

What tool is used to name species?

A Dichotomous key.