apush vocabulary

corn

semi-sedentary societies

practiced agriculture, but the less fertile land they inhabited required that they move periodically to a fresh site within their boundaries, where they would clear and burn the underbrush

mississippian culture

characteristically a series of complex chiefdoms, with kinship determining social relationships traced through the female clan line.

Eastern woodlands

the North American Atlantic coast area, from the the Great Lakes south to the Gulf of Mexico.

Algonquian

a group of Indigenous peoples that traditionally spoke similar languages and had similar ways of life. The Cree, the Mohican, the Lenni Lenape, the Ojibwe, the Shawnee are examples.

Iroquois confederacy

the Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse), was made up of five tribes, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and the Seneca originating from New York.

Great Lakes

Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior — make up the largest freshwater system on the planet.

Great Plains

a vast expanse of grasslands stretching from the Rocky Mountains to the Missouri River and from the Rio Grande to the coniferous forests of Canada—an area more than eighteen hundred miles from north to south and more than five hundred miles from east to west.

Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains comprise more than 100 individually named ranges that form a belt extending for slightly more than 5,000 km, from near Santa Fe, New Mexico, on the south to the Bering Sea on the north.

Great Basin

the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets to the ocean, in North America.

Comanche

“The People,” began as a migratory group skilled at hunting and superior horsemanship.

sioux

The original word meant “little or lesser snakes/enemies.” They are really three groups comprised of the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota, each having slightly different language dialects.

anasazi/pueblo people

had developed irrigation systems to manage scarce water, towns of ADOBE AND ROCK,

Animism

belief that the natural was suffused with spiritual power

crusades

Conquests of the holy land on behalf of the church which introduced western european to the silk roads

Protestant reformation

the reform movement that began 1517 with martin luther’s critiques of the roman catholic catholic church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided these people from catholics.

Caravel

a better handling ship, rigged with a lateen (triangular) sail that enabled the ship to tack into the wind.

Joint Stock companies

A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of north america. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.

colombian exchange

the massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases between the old and new world

Aztecs

Native group known for sacraficing people

Inca

Native group known for potatoes

Encomienda

System in which a grant of indigenous labor in spanish america given in the sixteenth century by the spanish kings to prominent men, who tribute from these indigenous americans in exchange for granting them protection and christian instruction

costa system

a hierarchical system of racial classification developed by colonial elites in latin america

chattel slavery

a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property

chesapeake colonies

region of the british colonies along a bay of the same name which includes virginia and maryland.

virginia company

an English trading company chartered by King James I on 10 April 1606 with the objective of colonizing the eastern coast of America. The coast was named after Elizabeth I, and it stretched from present-day Maine to the Carolinas.

house of burgesses

system of representative government created by the virginia company in 1619

the indian wars

a conflict between british settlers and the powhatans

royal colony

a colony with an appointed governor

headright system

refers to a legal grant of land given to settlers during the period of European colonization in the Americas, includes both the grant of land and the owner (the head) that claims the land.

indentured servants

Slaves before the atlantic trade system started

Gentry

noble families established large estates along the coastal rivers, then acquired english indentured servants and enslaved africans to work their lands.

lord baltimore

in 1632, the king granted lands bordering the chesapeake bay to this catholic aristocrat

Maryland Act Toleration

granted all christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold chruch services, thereby protecting catholics

The carolinas

Proprietary colonies which primarily grew cash crops, such as indigo and rice, but shows people refused to submit to the manorial system and proprietors envisioned. Most settlers were small family farmers who rebelled when denied their rights. Much of this was based on Quaker ideals of egalitarianism.

Salutary neglect

A term used to describe british colonial policy during the reigns of george 1 (1712-1727) and george 2 (1727-1760). By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertently assisted the rise of self-government in north america.

William Penn

Proprietor of pennsylvania who founded the colony as a refuge for quakers who had suffered persecution for their pacifist and egalitarian beliefs.

Quakers

Epithet for members of the society of friends. their beliefs that god spoke directly to each inidividual through an inner light and that neither ministers nor the bible was essential to discovering gods word put them in conflict with both the church of england and orthodox puritans.

Navigation Acts

english laws passed, beginning in the 1650s and and 1660s, requiring that certain english colonial goods be shipped through english ports on english ships manned primarily by english sailors in order to benefit english merchants, shipper, and seamen.

Salutary Neglect

A term used to describe british colonial policy from 1714-1760. By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertantly assisted the rise of self-government in north america.

Pilgrims

english religious separatists

William Bradford

led the pilgrims from england

Mayflower

Ship that pilgrims arrived on

Plymouth

First colony, massachusettes

Puritans

Protestants who did not separate from the church of england but hoped to purify it of its ceremony and hierarchy - fled to america

John Whinthrop

Puritain’s leader who gave the sermon city upon a hill

City upon a hill

Gave by john whinthrop in which he exhorted his fellow christians to create a model community

Massachusettes bay

A colony settled by puritians in what is now boston massachusetts

Salem witch trials

Mass hysteria which led to 19 executions, was caused by group rivalries, an effort to subordinate women, political instability in Massachusetts bay.

Roger Williams

Expelled from massachusetts bay because he opposed the decision to established an official religion, advocated toleration, and questioned the puritains’ seizure of indian lands.

Rhode island

colony at providence, allowed religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson

Expelled from massachusetts bay because she held weekly prayer meetings for women and questioned the religious teachings of clergymen. she denied that salvation could be earned through good deeds as which was an idea of martin luther and not a calvinist belief.

Connecticut

Colony which, like massachusetts bay, had a legally established church and an elected governor and assembly; however, it granted voting rights to most property owning men independant of church independant.

Pequot War

1637, when a combined force of massachusetts and conniecticut militiamen, accompanied by narragansett and mohegan warriors, attacked a villiage and massacred some five hundred men, women, and children. New englanders quickly drove the surviving people out and divided their land.

Town meeting

A system of local government in new england in which all male heads of households met regularly to elect selectment, levy local taxes, and regulate markets, roads, and school.

Yomen Society

Social idea which bestowed land on groups of settlers, who then distributed it among the male heads of families instead of recreating manorial system of england.

Coverture

A principle in english law that placed wives under the protection and authority of their husbands, so that they did not have independent legal standing.

Household mode of Production

The system of exchanged goods and labor that helped eighteenth century new england freehold survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce.

Beaver Wars

The war was fought between the Iroquois Confederacy of the St. Lawrence River area and the Algonquian-speaking tribes of the Ohio Country

Metacom’s War

, also called King Philip's War, was a brutal 14-month conflict from 1675 to 1676 between New England colonists and a coalition of Native American tribes led by the Wampanoag chief. It was one of the deadliest wars per capita in American history, ending native resistance in southern New England and leaving thousands dead

Frontier War

• American Indian Wars (17th century to the early 20th century), also known as the American Frontier Wars

• Australian frontier wars (1788–1934)

• Xhosa Wars (1779–1879), also known as the Cape Frontier War

pueblo revolt

was a revolution of most of the Indigenous Pueblo peoples led by Po'pay against the Spanish colonists in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico.^[3] The revolution created the Pueblo republic, the first pan-Pueblo sovereign polity. As the first successful anti-colonial revolution in the Americas, scholars describe the Pueblo Revolt as a forerunner of the later American Revolution and Age of Revolution.

south atlantic system

was a 17th- and 18th-century agricultural and commercial trade network centered in Brazil and the West Indies that relied on enslaved African labor to produce cash crops for global markets.

Middle passage

The brutal sea voyage from africa to the americas that took the lives of nearly 2 million enslaved africans.

Stono rebellion

Slave uprising in 1739 in south carolina in which a group of slaved armed themselves, plundered six plantations, and killed more than twenty colonists. Colonists quickly supressed the rebellion.

pietism

A christian revival movement characterized by bible study, the conversion experiencec, and the individual’s personal relationship with god. it began as an effort to reform the german lutheran church in the mid seventeenth century and became widely influential in britian and its colonies in the eighteenth century,

Great Awakening

a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the american colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s. that revival was part of a much broader movement, an evangelic upsurge taking place simultaneously on the other side of the atlantic, most notably in england, scotland, and germany,

Evangelicalism

A passionate religious expression wich requires a direct relationship with god but challeneged the authority of ministers whose status rested on respect for their education and knowledge of the bible. since authority should come not from theological knowledge but from the conversion experience. reaffirming martin luther’s belief in the priesthood of all christians, suggested that anyone who had felt god’s redeeming grace could speak with ministerial authority.

Old lights

Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers. they preferred to emphasize the importance of cultivating a virtuous christian life.

New lights

Evangelical preachers, influenced by john wesley, the founder of english methodism, and george whitefield, the charismatic itinerant preacher who brought his message to britains american colonies. they decried a christian faith that was merely intellectual and emphasized the important of a spiritual rebirth.

John Wesley

Founder of English

Baptist

Denomination which threatened gentry authority because they repudiated social distinctions and urged followers to call one another “brother” and “sister.”