Pre- IB Biology Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key biology concepts for exam review, focusing on organic compounds, cell biology, genetics, and ecology.

Organic Compounds

Molecules that all contain carbon and are essential for life (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)

Monomers of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Monomers of Proteins

Amino Acids

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Monomers of Lipids

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

CLPN (Mnemonic for Organic Compounds)

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Enzyme

A type of protein that acts as a biological macromolecule.

Water as universal solvent

It is polar, partially positive and partially negative on opposite ends.

Hydrophilic

Water-loving molecules that interact easily and are soluble with water.

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing molecules like oils and fats that are insoluble in water.

Adhesion

The attraction of water molecules to other molecules or other things.

Capillary Action

When cohesion and adhesion work together, pulling water up against gravity.

Cells

Basic units of life, surrounded by a cell membrane, containing genetic information (DNA), and cytoplasm.

Cell Membrane (Phospholipid Bilayer)

A layer of two rows of phospholipids surrounding all cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells surrounded by a membrane with DNA but lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Chloroplast

The location of plants performing photosynthesis.

Simple Diffusion

Movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a membrane, aided by a protein channel.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a higher concentration with the help of energy in the form of ATP.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane from a higher concentration of water particles to a lower concentration.

Isotonic Solution

Solution with an equal balance of particles in and out of the cell, where water moves freely in both directions.

Hypotonic Solution

Solution where there are fewer solute particles outside the cell and more water outside the cell, causing water to move into the cell.

Hypertonic Environment

Environment with more solute particles outside the cell, causing water to move outside the cell.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that get reactions started; examples include ligase, helicase, polymerase, amylase.

Active Site

The location where a protein or an enzyme interacts with the substrate.

Cellular Respiration

Process in the mitochondria where organisms take glucose (sugar) and oxygen to transform it into ATP energy.

Photosynthesis

Process where plants use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Fermentation

Type of anaerobic respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Type of fermentation in muscle cells that produces lactic acid as a byproduct.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Type of fermentation performed by yeast, producing ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide as byproducts.

Chromosomes

DNA is organized and wound up into these structures.

Mitosis

Type of asexual reproduction where cells make exact copies of themselves.

PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

Phases of mitosis acronym.

Mitosis

Cell divide process type, makes duplicate cells. One parent cell create two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

Cell division process type, used to generate sex cells. One parent goes through pMAT twice, to generate four daughter cells, but they'll only have half the genetic information.

Allele

Version of a gene.

Homozygous

Term used that refers to having two of the same versions of a gene.

Heterozygous

Term used that refers to having two different versions of the same gene.

Phenotypes

The actual physical characteristics that we get from the genotype.

Gel Electrophoresis

Technique used for way to identify different parts of DNA.

Evolution

The change in genetic makeup of a population over time.

Natural Selection

Major mechanism behind evolution

Adaptation

An inherited trait that is favorable to an organism that helps an organism survive.

Phylogenetic Tree / Cladogram

Scientific way to look at different evolutionary relationships over time.

Biodiversity

Measure of the variety of different types of organisms in an ecosystem

Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that get their food from something else. They consume their food.

Renewable Resources

Type of resources, that can be replaced quickly by natural processes.

Nonrenewable Resources

Type of resources, that cannot be replaced generally within human lifetimes or as fast as they are being used.