Human Development and Global Health Factors exam with 91 questions with answers

What are the income brackets for countries based on GNI per capita?

High-income: > $12,476; Middle-income: Upper: $3,956 - $12,475, Lower: $1,006 - $3,955; Low-income: < $1,005.

What are the social characteristics of high-income countries?

Higher gender equality, low birth and population growth rates, higher education and employment rates, better access to public health systems, better access to technology, strong political and legal systems, less colonization history.

What are the economic characteristics of high-income countries?

Lower poverty rates, a larger range of industries, higher average incomes, better opportunities for global trade.

What are the environmental characteristics of high-income countries?

Better access to safe water and sanitation, higher food security, more adequate housing, higher levels of carbon emissions.

What do low and middle-income countries share with high-income countries?

They have varying levels of the same aspects discussed for high-income countries.

What are the big five contributing factors to health disparities?

Sanitation, access to safe water, poverty, inequality and discrimination, global marketing and distribution.

What does sanitation refer to?

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, and maintenance of hygienic conditions.

What are the results of poor sanitation?

Fear/embarrassment affecting girls' school attendance, increased vulnerability to harassment, and links to water-borne diseases.

What is meant by access to safe water?

Water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens or harmful chemicals.

What are the required uses of clean water?

Consumption, food preparation and cooking, washing and hygiene, agriculture and production.

What are the results of a lack of safe water?

Water-borne diseases such as gastroenteritis, dysentery, cholera, and breeding grounds for disease vectors.

How is poverty defined?

Poverty refers to deprivation stemming from lack of income, material resources, and intangible resources such as social inclusion and educational opportunities.

What are the social implications of inadequate sanitation for girls?

Lack of separated sanitation facilities impacts school attendance and increases vulnerability to harassment.

What are some health issues linked to poor sanitation?

Water-borne diseases like cholera and dysentery.

What does higher gender equality in high-income countries indicate?

It indicates more equitable treatment and opportunities for all genders.

How do high-income countries typically manage their political and legal systems?

They have strong and stable political and legal systems.

What is the significance of better access to technology in high-income countries?

It contributes to improved education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

Why is sanitation important for public health?

It prevents the spread of diseases and ensures hygienic living conditions.

What role does global marketing play in health disparities?

It can exacerbate inequalities by affecting access to resources and healthcare.

What are the implications of inadequate housing in low-income countries?

It can lead to poor health outcomes and increased vulnerability to diseases.

What is the relationship between poverty and access to healthcare?

Poverty often limits access to healthcare, leading to worse health outcomes.

What is extreme poverty defined as?

Living on less than US $1.90 per day.

What is relative poverty?

Living on less than 50% of your country's average income.

What are some results of poverty?

High levels of hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education, social discrimination and exclusion, and poor quality shelter.

What is a common result of inequality in health status?

An inability to access resources such as healthcare, education, and employment.

What is racial discrimination?

When a person is treated less favorably than another in a similar situation due to their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin, or immigrant status.

What is religious discrimination?

Discrimination faced by members of religious or belief communities, often resulting in an inability to realize their human rights.

What does sex-based discrimination refer to?

Discrimination based on physiological characteristics, including DNA and sex organs present at birth.

What is sexual orientation discrimination?

Discrimination based on the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to.

What is gender identity?

How individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither, which may differ from the sex assigned at birth.

What are some results of inequality and discrimination?

Increased rates of depression, anxiety, stress, decreased life satisfaction, and higher chances of being subjected to physical or sexual assault.

What impact does globalisation have on marketing and distribution?

It makes it easier to distribute, market, and sell goods globally, leading to increased consumption.

How have tobacco manufacturers adapted their marketing strategies?

They target low- and middle-income countries to compensate for revenue lost in high-income countries.

What has been the trend in global alcohol consumption?

It has increased in recent decades, primarily in low- and middle-income countries.

Why are low- and middle-income countries important for alcohol producers?

They provide an additional source of income that was previously neglected.

What challenges do low- and middle-income countries face regarding alcohol consumption?

They often lack resources to educate the population about alcohol, control consumption, and care for those suffering from negative effects like liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

How has the migration from rural areas to cities affected food consumption in low- and middle-income countries?

It has increased access to processed foods, leading to a neglect of traditional diets that are often low in fat.

What are the health consequences of increased consumption of processed foods?

It contributes to lifestyle diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

What impact have processed foods had on health in Australia?

They have contributed to high rates of overweight, obesity, and related conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

What is the definition of sustainability?

Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

What are the three dimensions of sustainability?

Social sustainability, economic sustainability, and environmental sustainability.

What does social sustainability focus on?

It focuses on ensuring future generations have access to social resources such as education, political stability, and human rights.

How does education contribute to social sustainability?

Educated people are more likely to contribute to their communities, be employed, earn an income, and uphold human rights.

What is the relationship between economic sustainability and income?

Economic sustainability relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of resources for economic growth.

What are the benefits of adequate incomes in terms of economic sustainability?

They ensure a decent standard of living, provide more tax funds for public services, and create jobs.

What does environmental sustainability aim to achieve?

It aims to monitor and preserve resources for future generations.

What is an example of environmental sustainability?

Ensuring all people have ongoing access to safe water.

What negative effects are associated with excessive alcohol consumption?

Liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

What dietary changes have occurred due to increased access to processed foods?

Many people have shifted from traditional diets to more energy-dense diets high in fat, salt, and sugar.

What role does government funding play in economic sustainability?

Adequate incomes lead to more government funds through taxation, which can be used to promote health and wellbeing.

How does economic growth relate to job creation?

A strong and growing economy creates more jobs, allowing people to earn a decent income.

What is the significance of human rights in social sustainability?

Upholding human rights encourages social engagement and community participation.

How does processed food marketing affect consumption patterns?

It has increased the consumption of processed foods in many low- and middle-income countries.

What is a consequence of neglecting traditional diets?

Increased risk of lifestyle diseases due to a shift towards unhealthy, processed food consumption.

What is the importance of political stability in social sustainability?

It ensures that future generations can access social resources and engage in community activities.

What is the link between education and mental health?

Educated individuals are more likely to reduce stress and afford a decent standard of living.

How does environmental sustainability benefit future generations?

By preserving resources, it ensures availability for future use.

What is the relationship between access to clean water and health?

Access to clean water reduces the likelihood of contracting conditions such as cholera, promoting physical health and wellbeing.

What characterizes an environmentally sustainable society?

An environmentally sustainable society uses resources in a way that allows them to renew naturally, promoting the health and wellbeing of future generations.

How can a respected and maintained environment contribute to health?

A respected and maintained environment can serve as a place of stress relief and restoration, contributing to spiritual health and wellbeing.

What is human development?

Human development is about creating an environment where people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests.

What are the key aspects of human development?

Human development focuses on expanding people's choices, enhancing their capabilities, access to knowledge, health, a decent standard of living, and participation in community life.

What are the dimensions of human development?

The dimensions of human development include a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.

What indicator measures long and healthy life in human development?

Life expectancy at birth.

What indicators measure knowledge in human development?

Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling.

What indicator measures a decent standard of living in human development?

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

The Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development.

What dimensions does the Human Development Index consider?

The HDI considers three dimensions: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.

What indicators does the Human Development Index use?

The HDI uses four indicators: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and Gross National Income per capita.

What is an advantage of expressing human development in a single statistic?

It enables easy comparison.

How does measuring human development help a country over time?

It allows for easy measurement of a country's progress.

What does a comprehensive view of human development consider?

It considers factors beyond just income.

What is a limitation of using averages in measuring human development?

It does not reflect inequalities within a country.

What aspect of data collection is missing in human development measurements?

No survey data is collected.

What is one effect of rising sea levels due to climate change?

Seawater seeps into freshwater springs.

How does climate change affect agriculture and food supplies?

It reduces available freshwater, agriculture, and food supplies.

What mental health issue can arise from the stress of relocation due to climate change?

Increased stress for individuals and families.

What physical health issue can result from increased malnutrition?

Decreased immune system function.

What is a consequence of global warming on weather patterns?

It leads to changing weather patterns and extreme weather events.

How does conflict contribute to mass migration?

Conflict increases the risk of injury and premature death.

What is a common condition faced by refugees due to conflict?

Cramped, unsanitary living conditions leading to increased disease outbreaks.

What is a positive effect of world trade on local economies?

It provides local employment opportunities.

How does world trade benefit consumers?

It expands choice and lowers prices.

What can competition in trade foster?

Innovation and productivity to boost economic growth.

How can tourism contribute to economic growth?

It promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

What negative impact can tourism have on local infrastructure?

Overcrowding puts pressure on local infrastructure and services.

What is a positive aspect of digital technologies in health?

They provide ease of access to health-related information.

How can SMS services be utilized in health management?

They can issue warnings and reminders for health-related actions.

What is a negative consequence of individuals self-diagnosing based on online information?

They often fail to seek professional help.

What privacy concern is associated with digital technologies for health?

Privacy and safety issues, especially for children and young people.

What social benefit can businesses owned by women provide?

They can improve gender equality.