terminologies
do not cause disease; sometimes beneficial
non-pathogenic
disease-causing microbes
pathogenic
unicellular organisms, vary in size, shape and arrangement. does not require living tissue to survive. secretes toxic substances
bacteria
proteins secreted by bacteria. stimulate antibody/antitoxin production, which reduce toxic effect. often enzymic action
exotoxins
toxins present in bacterial cell wall, released when bacterium dies. has serious effects of cardiovas system leading to septic shock
endotoxins
not a living organism that require a living host for replication, obligate intracellular parasite. virus attaches to host cell and inserts genetic material (dna or rna), mutate frequently.
viruses
eukaryotic organisms that has nucleus. can grow under wide range of conditions. only few are pathogenic
fungi
cause neurologic disease and can be transmitted to embryo or fetus if mother is infected
histoplasma
also known as athelete’s foot
tinea pedis
harmless but opportunistic, causative agent of thrush and vaginitis
candida
opportunistic organism causing pneumonia, has characteristics of fungi and some of protozoa
pneumocystis jirovecli
complex eukaryotic forms (has nucleus). unicellular and no cell wall. lives independently, others are obligate parasites →needs living host. pathogens are usually parasites
protozoa
sexually transmitted, attaching to mucous membranes (inflammation)
trichomonas vaginalis
found in rbc which ruptures
plasmodium
parasite in large intestine causing severe diarrhea and lives abscesses if it penetrates the portal circulation
entamoeba histolytica
gi infections most cause by contaminated food/water and person to person contact
Giardia
ova inhaled in dust in fecally contaminated areas; common in children
pinworms
larvae enter skin from fecally contaminated soil in tropical areas
hookworms
most common from transmitted by larvae in undercooked pork
tapeworms
ingested with food that has been grown in feces contaminated soil
ascaris- giant roundworm
“commensal bacteria”; supports mucosal immune system (innate immunity) by improving its function to defend against foreign pathogens
normal flora
infections that occur in health care facilities
nosocomial infection
bacterial infection with high wbc
leukocytosis
viral infection with low wbc
leukopenia
inflammation tests
c-reactive protein &erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
sample taken from specimen to determine the type of bacteria
culture
antibiotics are tested on the bacteria to see what is most effective
sensitivity
drugs derived from organisms (can be synthetically)
antibiotic
anti bacterial, antiviral and antifungal
antimicrobial
drugs that destroy bacteria
bactericidal
inhibit reprodcution of bacteria
bacteriostatic
effective against both gram-positive and gram negative organisms
broad spectrum
effective against either grampositive or gramnegative organisms
narrow spectrum
orig drug class
first gen drugs
later version of drugs; may be more effective more tolerable and more easily administered
second gen drugs
caused by multiplication of pathogenic organisms in the blood and the cause of sepsis, a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes
septicemia
infection that has spread in SYSTEMIC circ; may result in septic shock
sepsis