PATHO: EXAM 1

terminologies

do not cause disease; sometimes beneficial

non-pathogenic

disease-causing microbes

pathogenic

unicellular organisms, vary in size, shape and arrangement. does not require living tissue to survive. secretes toxic substances

bacteria

proteins secreted by bacteria. stimulate antibody/antitoxin production, which reduce toxic effect. often enzymic action

exotoxins

toxins present in bacterial cell wall, released when bacterium dies. has serious effects of cardiovas system leading to septic shock

endotoxins

not a living organism that require a living host for replication, obligate intracellular parasite. virus attaches to host cell and inserts genetic material (dna or rna), mutate frequently.

viruses

eukaryotic organisms that has nucleus. can grow under wide range of conditions. only few are pathogenic

fungi

cause neurologic disease and can be transmitted to embryo or fetus if mother is infected

histoplasma

also known as athelete’s foot

tinea pedis

harmless but opportunistic, causative agent of thrush and vaginitis

candida

opportunistic organism causing pneumonia, has characteristics of fungi and some of protozoa

pneumocystis jirovecli

complex eukaryotic forms (has nucleus). unicellular and no cell wall. lives independently, others are obligate parasites →needs living host. pathogens are usually parasites

protozoa

sexually transmitted, attaching to mucous membranes (inflammation)

trichomonas vaginalis

found in rbc which ruptures

plasmodium

parasite in large intestine causing severe diarrhea and lives abscesses if it penetrates the portal circulation

entamoeba histolytica

gi infections most cause by contaminated food/water and person to person contact

Giardia

ova inhaled in dust in fecally contaminated areas; common in children

pinworms

larvae enter skin from fecally contaminated soil in tropical areas

hookworms

most common from transmitted by larvae in undercooked pork

tapeworms

ingested with food that has been grown in feces contaminated soil

ascaris- giant roundworm

“commensal bacteria”; supports mucosal immune system (innate immunity) by improving its function to defend against foreign pathogens

normal flora

infections that occur in health care facilities

nosocomial infection

bacterial infection with high wbc

leukocytosis

viral infection with low wbc

leukopenia

inflammation tests

c-reactive protein &erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

sample taken from specimen to determine the type of bacteria

culture

antibiotics are tested on the bacteria to see what is most effective

sensitivity

drugs derived from organisms (can be synthetically)

antibiotic

anti bacterial, antiviral and antifungal

antimicrobial

drugs that destroy bacteria

bactericidal

inhibit reprodcution of bacteria

bacteriostatic

effective against both gram-positive and gram negative organisms

broad spectrum

effective against either grampositive or gramnegative organisms

narrow spectrum

orig drug class

first gen drugs

later version of drugs; may be more effective more tolerable and more easily administered

second gen drugs

caused by multiplication of pathogenic organisms in the blood and the cause of sepsis, a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes

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septicemia

infection that has spread in SYSTEMIC circ; may result in septic shock

sepsis