APUSH EXAM - Full Set

Dutch West India Company

The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York

Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois

Instituted the patron system, in which large estates were given to wealth men who transported at lease fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land; few took on the opportunity

Sir Walter Raleigh

Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement

Returned to England to secure additional supplies; on his return, he found the colony deserted; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settles

After the failure at Roanoke, Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia

Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English interest in American colonization was submerged for fifteen years

St. Augustine, Florida

French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion; they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida

Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic church

Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants

The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States

Charter Colonies (Joint-Stock) and "Starving Time"

Charter colonies were associations that sought trade, exploration, and colonization overseas

Jamestown (1607) was the first charter colony

"Starving Time" describes a period in the 1600s during which many colonists died and others considered returning to England

Jamestown

Named for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth's successor in England

James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World

In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, swampy location led to disease & contaminated water sources

Despite location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith's harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony kept it from collapsing

In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement

Indenture System

Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company

Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept come legal rights

However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements; system led to harsh and brutal treatment

John Rolfe

English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia, married Pocahontas

Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown

House of Burgesses

Representative assembly in Virginia

Election to a seat was limited to voting members of that charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote

First representative house in America

Instituted private ownership of land; maintained rights of colonists

First Families of Virginia

Wealth and socially prominent families in Virginia who by 1776 had been in America for four to five generations

Included the Lees, Carters, and Fitzhughs

Headright System

System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists; it promised them parcels of land (roughly fifty acres) to emigrate to America

Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land

The Separatists and Plymouth

Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must separate from it

One group of Separatists suffering government harassment fled to Holland, then to America

Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower; they became known as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission

The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, setting in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts

Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority

William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony's first governor

Massachusetts Bay Company

Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I

Led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model Christian society

These Puritans carefully organized their venture and, upon arriving in Massachusetts, did not undergo the "starving time" that had often plagued other first-year colonies

The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a representative assembly

Delaware

Dutch patrons established the first settlement in Delaware

That settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks

The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s

Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership, ending with English ownership in 1674

The Proprietors and Maryland

Proprietors owned colonies, with direct responsibility to the king

Proprietors were supposed to provide opportunity for Royal control and to decrease the practice of granting charters for charter colonies

In practice, proprietary colonies turned out much like the charter colonies because settlers insisted on self-government

In 1632, under George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), Maryland became the first proprietary colony as a refuge for English Catholics

To protect the catholic minority, Calvert's son encouraged religious toleration and established a representative assembly

Anne Hutchinson

Claimed to have special revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine

The leadership of New England excused her of antinomian teachings; antinomianism is the belief that salvation is attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moral laws

Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony

With her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638); Aquidneck is now known as Rhode Island

Roger Williams and Rhode Island

Williams was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists

Williams bought land from the Native Americans and founded Providence in 1636; it was soon populated by his many followers

Rhode Island formed as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area

Through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration

Tented to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes called "Rogue's Island"

Suffered constant political turmoil

English Civil War

Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament

Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king

Parliament's members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners

Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion

Led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I

Maryland Act of Toleration

Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland

Granted after Protestant became governor

Important precedent for later characterization of the United States and its Constitution

Connecticut

Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley; they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachusetts

The major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut colony

In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders; these laws provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote

When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, its charter was founded on the Fundament Orders

The Fundaments Orders are an important example of the growth of political democracy

The Carolinas

King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the twenty-year Puritan revolution in England

In hopes of attracting settles, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society

Experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo; this proved unworkable and the Carolinas grew slowly

Large groups of colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; the form of slavery that this group employed proved to be very harsh

New York and New Jersey

Last Dutch governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant

After the British conquered the Dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands to his brother, James, Duke of York

James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies

Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of England

Quakers

Quakers believed human religious institutions were, for the most part, unnecessary

They believed they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible

They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors

Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in Both Britain and America

They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans

Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers

Penn advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land

Guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom

Settlers flocked to Pennsylvania from all over Europe

Black Slaves in the 1600s

Because slaves were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost slaves the same level of indentured servants

Later in the century, African-Americans came to see as lifelong slaves whose status would be inherited by their children

Increased importation and population of African-Americans in the southern colonies began

John Locke and Natural Law

Locke was a major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment

Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science; Locke followed him, trying to identify Natural Law in the human realm

Natural Law included the rights of life, liberty, and property

Locke's assertion of Natural Law changed the perspective of the social contract theory; he believed that if the above rights were not protected, governments could be overthrown justly

Prior to Locke, their existed a theory of social contract--- people accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society; these restrictions are upheld by a sovereign power

Locke's ideas became the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as Benjamin Franklin

Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)

European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe or imported from Asian colonies

These merchants sold slaves in the Caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco)

Caribbean commodities were later sold in Europe and North America

Useful for all parties because it was an exchange of goods, not money

Navigation Acts

Certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port

Enumerated goods from the colonies like sugar, cotton, tobacco, were to be provided only to England

Served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system

Though for the benefit of all subjects of the British Empire, its provisions benefited some New World colonies at the expense of others

Intended as a weapon in England's ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland

Led to increased tension between Britain and the colonies

Effects of the Navigation Acts

Boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding

Hurt the residents of the Chesapeake by driving down the price of tobacco

Transferred wealth from America to Britain by increasing the prices Americans had to pay for British goods and lowering the prices Americans received for the goods they produced

Mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between England and Holland in the late 1600s

Bacon's Rebellion

Virginia's Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to un the colony for the benefit of Britain

Nathaniel Bacon was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia

Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia's wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley's inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the Native Americans

Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had him arrested

Soon after, Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces; position

With British military, Berkeley ended the rebellion

After bacon's rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants and toward slave labor

New Hampshire

King Charles established it as a Royal colony

The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts; Britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741

Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from Britain

Glorious Revolution

Internal British struggle that replaced the Catholic King James II with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange

Inspired colonial uprisings in New York and Maryland against ruling Royal governors who pressed for more control

Led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New England, the control authority imposed by Britain of colonists

William and Mary's new government generally accepted these actions, permitting the growth of colonial institutions and culture

Half-Way Covenant

Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who had the personal experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs

Previously, only the children of those who had experienced conversion could participate

Reflected the decline of piety New Englanders

Salem Witch Trials

Several young girls in Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of certain neighbors

Some twenty persons were executed

Puritan ministers finally intervened to stop the executions

Writer Arthur Miller produced The Crucible (1953), a retelling of the Salem Witch Trials and a reflective commentary on the witch-hunts of Joseph McCarthy

Wool Act

All wool that was produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain

Act restricted Ireland in its wool manufacturing, resulting in many Irish immigrants moving to the American colonies

The Act was meant to protect Britain's own exports of wool at the expense of both the colonies and Ireland

The Enlightenment

Connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable by reason

Enlightenment philosophy dictated that human reason was adequate o solve mankind's problems and correspondingly, much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe

Idea moved from Europe to become the New World's seed of culture, intellectualism, and society

Some important Enlightenment writers include John Locke (Principia Mathematica, 1687), Isaac Newton (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689), and Rene Descartes, whose basic tenet of philosophical theory existed in the phrase "I think, therefore, I am."

Georgia

James Oglethorpe, and English philanthropist and soldier, chartered the colony

Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants

Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British jails

After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a bugger between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida

Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement

John Peter Zenger

German American newspaper publisher and printer

His acquittal of libel charges in New York City (1735) established a legal precedent for freedom of the press

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren reinvigorated free press rights; the case of New York Times v. Sullivan(1964) strengthened the protection of the press against libel cases brought by public figures

The First Great Awakening

A series of emotional religious revivals occurring throughout the colonies and prevalent in New England

Preachers proclaimed a message of personal repentance and faith to avoid hell

Suggested an equality between and authority (God) and a fixed standard (the Bible)

Helped lay the foundation for a written "contract," which would be important to the establishment of the future United States Constitution

George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards became the most dynamic preachers of the Great Awakening

Effects of the Great Awakening

American's religious community came to be divided between those who rejected the Great Awakening and those who accepted it

More denominations of Christianity were formed

While the Awakening created conflict among those who argued the points of religion, its ideas helped build connections between people living in different colonies

A number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening, including Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher of the Great Wakening who emphasized personal religious experience, predestination, and dependence of man upon God and divine grace

One of his well-read sermons was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

While Edwards is known for being one of the most prominent Calvinists, the Great Wakening was partially responsible for spreading the idea that salvation was possible without predestined election, and important Calvinist belief

Albany Plan

Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense

Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government; the plan was later rejected by the colonial legislatures as demanding too great a surrender of power

While the other colonies showed no support for the idea, it was an important precedent for the concept of united in the face of a common enemy

French and Indian War

Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over land in the Ohio region

It was on of a series of wars fought between France and England throughout the world at the time

Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain grained control of Canada

It was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader

William Pitt

Britain's capable and energetic prime minister

After several humiliating defeats, he led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire in North American by focusing on the French headquarters in Canada

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilities

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Ended Seven Years War

From France, Britain took Canada and some of what would become the United States east of the Mississippi River

France last all of its North American holdings

Spain took the Louisiana Territory

Treaty marked the end of salutary neglect, a relationship in which the British Parliament had somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their character without interference

George Grenville

British Prime Minister who set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent English wars

Created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods, leading to rebellious activities

Grenville's acts included the Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act (1765), and Quartering Act (1765)

Benjamin Franklin

Was a colonial writer, scientist, diplomat, printer, and philosopher

Published the Pennsylvania Gazette and wrote Poor Richard's Almanac

Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence

Writs of Assistance

Court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop colonial smuggling

Allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops

James Otis served as a prosecutor in a failed Massachusetts legal case; he argued that these searches were contrary to natural law

Later, the Fourth Amendment would protect citizens against "unreasonable searches and seizures"

Proclamation of 1763

Was a result of Pontiac's Rebellion, a Native American uprising against the British for their mistreatment

Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians to reduce friction between Native Americans and the settlers

Stated that Native Americans owned the land on which they wee residing

Outraged colonists believed that the successful outcome of the French and Indian War should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valley

Sugar Act

It taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for England after it incurred debt during the French and Indian War

Strictly enforced, unlike the Molasses act of 1733

Taxed goods included imports such as wine, cloth, coffee, and silk

Quartering Act

Act that required the colonies in which British troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs

Colonists reacted negatively, fearing a standing army and disliking the additional costs

After the emergence of the United States Constitution, the Third Amendment protected citizens against the stationing of troops in their homes

Stamp Act

An internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue

Required Americans to uses "stamped" paper for legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, among other goods

Revenue from this tax was to be used solely for the support of the British soldiers protecting the colonies

Declaratory Act

Act giving Britain the power to tax and make laws for the Americans in all cases

Followed repeal of the Stamp Act

Colonists ignored the wording of the Declaratory Act

Samuel Adams

Revolutionary resistance leader in Massachusetts

Along with Paul Revere, headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts

Worked with the committees of correspondence, which provided communication about resistance among colonies

Attended both the First and Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence

Stamp Act Congress

Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for defense

Adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent

Townshend Acts

Created by British Prime Minister Charles Townshend (Grenville's replacement)

Formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act

Led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre

Virtual Representation

English principle stating that the members of parliament represented all of Britain and the British Empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of constituents

This ides was meant to be a response to the colonial claim of "no taxation without representation," meaning that parliament was itself a representation of those being taxed

Boston Massacre

Occurred when the British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts

British soldiers killed five Bostonians, including Crispus Attucks, and American patriot and former slave

John Adams provided the legal defense of the soldiers

Though the British soldiers acted more or less in self-defense, anti-Royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies

Tea Act and Boston Tea Party

Concessions allowed the British East India Company to ship tea directly to America and sell it at a bargain; cheap tea undercut the local merchants

Colonist opposed these shipments; they turned back ships, left shipments to rot, and held ships in port

Led to the Boston Tea Part in December of 1773, where citizens, dressed as Native Americans, destroyed tea on the British ships

The Intolerable Acts and the Coercive Acts

Name given by colonist to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party

Acts closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the last tea

Acts increased the power of Massachusetts' Royal governor at the expense of the legislature

Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tried elsewhere

Methods of Colonial Resistance

Americans reacted first with restrained and respectful petitions, suggesting "taxation without representation is tyranny"

Colonial merchants then boycotted British goods (non-importation)

Colonist of the Revolution finally turned to violence

Crowds took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the boycotts

Some colonist continued to follow British command and became English "Loyalists"

First Continental Congress

Meeting in Philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the Intolerable Acts and to petition the British Parliament

A few radical members discussed breaking from England

Created Continental Associating and forbade the importation and use of British goods

Agreed to convene a Second Continental Congress in May 1775

Battles of Concord and Lexington

Concord—Site suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry

Paul Revere and William Dawes detected movement of British troops toward Concord and warned militia and gathered Minutemen at Lexington

Lexington—Militia and Royal infantry fought; the colonial troops withdrew

The Second Continental Congress

Colonial representative meeting in Philadelphia, presided over by John Hancock

Group torn between declaring independence and remaining under British power

Moderated forced the adoption of the Olive Branch Petition, a letter to King George III appealing one final time for a resolution to all disputes; the king refused to receive it

The Congress sent George Washington to command the army around Boston

American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Battle of Bunker Hill

Bunker Hill was an American post overlooking Boston; the stronghold allowed Americans to contain General Gage and his troops

The colonists twice turned back a British frontal assault; the held off the British until the Bunker Hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun

America's strong defense led to strengthened morale

Common Sense

Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine that called for immediate independence from Britain

Sold largely and carried favor in the colonies

Weakened resistance in the Continental Congress toward independence

Lee's Resolution

Presented to Second Continental Congress by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia

Urged Congress to declare independence; accepted July 2, 1776

Said ,"That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States"

Declaration of Independence

Document restating political ideas justifying the separation from Britain

Thomas Jefferson and his committee had the duty of drafting for the Continental Congress

John Locke's influences served as a foundation for the document

The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had contained

Articles of Confederation

Framework for an American national government; states has the most power

Empowered the federal government to make war, treaties, and create new states

No federal empowerment to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce

Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government

George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution

Named commander-in-chief of continental forces in June 1775 by the second continental congress

Forced British to evacuate Boston in March 1776

Defeated British at Trenton, New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware on December 25,1776

Survived tough winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778); Washington strengthened his troops during the winter and gained respect

General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19, 1781

Battle of Saratoga

American Revolution battle fought in northern New York

The British planned to end the American Revolution by splitting the colonies along the Hudson River, but they failed to mobilize properly

Demonstrated the British could more easily hold the cities, but that they would have trouble subduing the country sides

Considered a turning point, as French aid began after this battle

John Paul Jones

Famous American naval leader

Carried on maritime raids against the British throughout revolution, debilitating their ability to receive supplies

Stated, "Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight."

Charles Cornwallis

British military and political leader

Was a member of Parliament and even opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution

Led British forces during the American Revolution

The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in 1781

Western Land Cessions

The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government

The states that lacked western land claims feared that states with claims could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal government

Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land

Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas in preparation for statehood

New states were organized and admitted to the Union

This policy strengthened the ties of the western farmers to the central government

Treaty of Paris, 1783

Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War

The United States was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay

Britain recognized the United States' independence and outlined its borders

The United States received all lands east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of the Great Lakes

The United States agreed that Loyalists to Britain were not to be persecuted

Land Ordinance of 1785; Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Land Ordinance—Act of Congress to assist in settlement of the West; the sale of land provided federal revenue

Land Ordinance—Organized distribution of land into townships, setting aside a section of each in support of public education

The Northwest Ordinance—Describe how the land north of the Ohio River could become sectioned into states; five states created

The Northwest Ordinance—States would be admitted to the Union when free inhabitants reached 60,000

The Northwest Ordinance—Slavery and involuntary servitude not allowed in these states

The Northwest Ordinance—Set a precedent of how states could join the Union

The ordinances were successful accomplishment by a federal government that before had seen as ineffective

John Jay

Member of First and Second Continental Congress

Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty

First Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Wrote portions of The Federalist Papers

Shays' Rebellion

During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection

Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels

Americans felt pressure to strengthen the government and avoid future violence

Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment

The Tenth Amendment restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people

Article I, Sect. 8 grants the federal government the power to make laws "which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers"

The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government r the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government

The Constitution of the United States

Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787

Included a preamble and seven articles

Created a stronger federal government

Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments; the protect individual rights and freedoms

The Virginia Plan & The New Jersey Plan

Virginia Plan—Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison

Virginia Plan—Called for bicameral legislature based on population and both the chief executive and judiciary to be chosen by legislature

New Jersey Plan—Presented by William Patterson

New Jersey Plan—Called for unicameral legislature with equal representation

Plans were united in the Great Compromise; the plans form the basis of the modern American legislative structure

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress

Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals

Included the Tree-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states

Federalist Party

Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification

Used The Federalist Papers to demonstrate how the Constitution of designed to prevent the abuse of power

Supporters of the Federalist platforms included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, and northeastern business groups

Federalists believed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to in by the Constitution; the had a loose interpretation of the Constitution

Anti-Federalist Party

Those against the adoption of the Constitution because of suspicion against centralized government ruling at a distance and limiting freedom

George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton were Anti-Federalists

Many of the Anti-Federalists would come to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party

The Jeffersonian Republican Party absorbed many of the Anti-Federalists after the Constitution was adopted

George Washington

First President

Was unanimously elected president

Served two terms

His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress's legislation

Declared Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793, keeping the United States neutral in the European wars

His Farewell Address in 1796 warned against entangling alliances, suggested isolationism, and warned of political party factions

Judiciary Act of 1789

Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates

Established office of Attorney General

Created federal district courts and circuit courts

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of Treasury

Proposed the federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and federal stimulation of industry through excise tax and tariffs

Opponents, including Jefferson, saw program as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen

Hamilton died from wounds sustained in a piston duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson's vice president

Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic-Republicans)

Political party that absorbed members of the Anti-Federalist Party

Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Favored sates' rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen

Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly given to it by the Constitution (a "strict interpretation" of the document)

Eli Whitney

Inventor and manufacturer

Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionizing the cotton industry and increasing the need for slaves

Established first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts

His innovations led to an "American system" of manufacture, where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately

Jay's Treaty

Attempt at settling the conflict between the United States and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783

Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade

Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United States-Canada border disputes and Unites States-Britain losses during the Revolutionary War

The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty of Paris

Whiskey Rebellion

Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton's revenue program was based

A group of farmers terrorized the tax collectors; Washington responded with a federalized militia

George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to emphasize their commitment

First test of federal authority

Established federal government's right to enforce laws

Pinckney Treaty

Signed by the United States and Spain

Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the United States

United States gained area north of Florida that had been dispute (present-day Mississippi and Alabama)

Gave western farmers the "right of deposit" in New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods, making in easier for them to get heir goods to the East

The United States would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this right of deposit

Colonial Painting

Copied European styles, but featured portraits of important Americans

Famous artists included John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, and John Copley

Gilbert Stuart painted the portrait of George Washington that is now on the one-dollar bill

John Adams

Second President

First Vice-President

Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence

Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Kept nation from war during tenure as president

XYZ Affair

The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping

To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the United States just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand

The United States refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French

Led to the creation of the American Navy

Alien and Sedition Acts

Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power

New hurdles to citizenship were established

Broadened power to quiet print media critics

The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two parties

These Act tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press

The Federalist Part gained a reputation as being a less democratic party, quickening its demise as a political organization

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Response by Jeffersonian republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts

Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison

Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law

Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it

The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country

Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment

The Napoleonic Wars

War between Napoleon's France and the other European powers, led by Britain

Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially the United States, from trading with their enemy

American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were "impressed," or forced, ino the British navy

The United States was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle, which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the seas

These violations would escalate and lead to the War of 1812

Judiciary Act of 1801

Created new judgeships to be filled by the president

John Adams filled the vacancies with part supporters ("Midnight Judges")

Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party

Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison

Thomas Jefferson

Third President, Author of the Declaration of Independence

Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State

First president to reside in Washington, D.C.

Jefferson's taking of office was called the "Revolution of 1800" as it was the first time American changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican)

His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the Federalist Party was a reason for its demise

His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807

He presided over the Louisiana Purchase

His politics were characterized by support of states' rights

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835)

He was a Federalist installed by Adams

His decisions defined and strengthen the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation

His Court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts

His Court's decisions advanced capitalism

Significant cases included Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden