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Romanov dynasty
The ruling dynasty in Russia that lasted for several centuries.
Czar/tsar
The title given to the Russian ruler, similar to the Roman title of Caesar.
Byzantine Empire
The eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued to exist after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Orthodox Christianity
The branch of Christianity that originated in the Byzantine Empire and became the dominant religion in Russia.
Cyrillic language
The writing system used for many Slavic languages, including Russian.
Caesaropapism
The combination of government and religious power in one person, as seen in the Russian tsars.
Peter the Great
The Russian tsar who modernized Russia by adopting European practices and building St. Petersburg.
Catherine the Great
The Russian empress who expanded the Russian Empire and implemented reforms.
Alexander I
The enigmatic tsar who initially wanted to introduce liberalism and rights but faced challenges in implementing them.
Nicholas I
The reluctant autocrat who was conservative and implemented censorship and serfdom.
Alexander II
The tsar-liberator who emancipated the serfs and introduced capitalist reforms.
Alexander III
The last autocrat who opposed liberalism and focused on russianness and oppression of Jews.
Nicholas II
The last emperor of Russia who delegated power and faced opposition, including the influence of Rasputin.
Ottoman Empire
The empire that was in decline during the 19th century and faced challenges from nationalism and internal rebellion.
Triple Alliance
The alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I.
Triple Entente
The alliance between France, Russia, and Britain before World War I.
Balkan Wars
The series of conflicts in the Balkan region that led to territorial changes and tensions in Europe.
Causes of World War I
The factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Battle of Marne
The battle during World War I where the British and French forces launched an offensive against the Germans and halted their advance.
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's military strategy to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium and then turning to fight Russia.
Trench Warfare
A type of warfare where opposing armies dig trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire, resulting in a stalemate and little movement on the front lines.
Gas Attacks
The use of poisonous gases, such as chlorine and tear gas, by both the Germans and the Allies during World War I to incapacitate or kill enemy soldiers.
Battle of Neuve Chapelle
A battle in March 1915 where British and Indian forces overcame German troops, creating a hole in the German trenches and enabling the British to pass through.
Battle of Ypres
A series of battles in April and May 1915 where the Germans used tear gas against the French and British forces, resulting in heavy casualties. First large use of poison gas on western front
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in May 1915, leading to increased tensions between the United States and Germany.
Battle of Verdun
A major battle in 1916 where the Germans launched a massive offensive against the French, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. French ultimately hold out
Battle of the Somme
A battle in 1916 where the British and French launched a major offensive against the Germans, resulting in high casualties and little territorial gain.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany's policy of sinking any ship, including civilian and hospital ships, without warning using submarines during World War I.
Russian Revolution
The overthrow of the Russian monarchy in 1917, leading to the establishment of a communist government and Russia's withdrawal from the war.
American Declaration of War
The United States' entry into World War I in 1917 after the sinking of the Lusitania and Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Armistice
An agreement to cease fighting, signed on November 11, 1918, that ended World War I.
Battle of Belleau Wood
A major battle in 1918 where the United States fought against German forces, marking a significant action by American troops in the war.
Operation Michael
A German offensive launched in March 1918, also known as the Spring Offensive, aimed at breaking the stalemate on the Western Front. Germans broke through british lines but didn’t do much beyond that
Second Battle of Marne
A successful counterattack by the Allies against the Germans in July 1918, marking a turning point in the war.
Fall of the Ottoman Empire
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire as a result of their defeat in World War I and the subsequent nationalist movements in the region.
President Wilson's Fourteen Points
A set of principles proposed by President Wilson as the basis for peace negotiations after World War I.
Reichstag
The parliament of Germany, created when Kaiser Wilhelm demoted himself to a Constitutional Monarch.
Mutiny
A revolt or rebellion, in this case, referring to the mutiny of German sailors and revolutionaries against the war.
Friedrich Ebert
The replacement for Prince Max as the German chancellor.
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting, in this case, referring to the agreement signed on November 11, 1918, that ended World War I.
Reparations
Payments made by Germany to Britain and France as part of the Treaty of Versailles to compensate for the damages caused during the war.
Treaty of Versailles
The peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I and imposed harsh terms on Germany.
War Communism
An economic policy implemented by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War, aiming to create a pure communist society but resulting in a wrecked economy.
Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye
The treaty signed in 1919 that recognized the nation of Yugoslavia.
Treaty of Trianon
The treaty signed in 1920 that divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire into its ethnic groups, creating Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia.
Ludendorff
German general and politician during World War I. He served as the chief strategist and effectively ran the German war effort. Ludendorff's military tactics and leadership played a significant role in shaping the outcome of the war. After the war, he became involved in far-right politics in Germany.
Ferdinand Foch
French military commander during World War I, known for his strategic leadership and the development of modern warfare tactics.
blank check
An agreement (especially of the Germans) of unlimited military support
Operation Georgette
offensive launched by the German Army in April 1918. Aimed at breaking the Allied lines in Flanders, it resulted in significant gains for the Germans but ultimately failed to achieve its objectives. The operation marked a turning point in the war, as it exhausted German resources and weakened their position
Operation Blücher-Yorck
a German offensive in World War I in 1918. Led by General Oskar von Hutier, it aimed to break through the Allied lines in France. Although it had initial success, Allied counterattacks halted the operation. This marked a turning point in the war and contributed to the eventual German defeat.
Joseph Joffre
In charge of french western front, under Foch. He is credited with developing the concept of "elastic defense," which involved flexible positioning of troops and fortifications. Geoffre played a crucial role in the Battle of the Marne, successfully halting the German advance towards Paris in 1914.
Erich von Falkenhayn
German military commander during World War I who served as Chief of the General Staff from 1914-1916. Known for his strategy of attrition, he believed that by inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy, victory could be achieved. He is most famous for his role in the Battle of Verdun in 1916. Replaced moltke after failure of schlieffen plan
Moltke the younger
Developed the concept of total war and emphasized the importance of strategic planning and coordination. Developed the Schlieffen plan
Paul von Hindenburg
During World War I, Paul von Hindenburg, a German military commander, served as the Chief of the General Staff of the German Army from 1916 to 1919. Alongside his deputy Erich Ludendorff, Hindenburg implemented the strategy of "total war" and led German forces in key battles like the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Masurian Lakes. His victories on the Eastern Front boosted German morale but also contributed to Germany's eventual defeat. Overall, Hindenburg's leadership greatly influenced the war's outcome.
Tready of Brest-litovsk
Treaty signed by Lenin through which Russia withdrew from world war 1
war of attrition
A prolonged military strategy where both sides aim to exhaust the enemy's resources and will to fight, rather than achieving a quick victory. It involves continuous small-scale engagements, wearing down the opponent's forces over time.
Zimmerman telegram
Secret message sent by Germany to Mexico during World War I, proposing an alliance against the United States. Intercepted by British intelligence, it played a significant role in influencing the U.S. decision to enter the war on the side of the Allies.
Article 231
The clause that held Germany responsible for the damages caused during WWI, leading to reparations and the Treaty of Versailles.
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic was the democratic government established in Germany after World War I, from 1919 to 1933. It faced economic instability, political unrest, and the rise of extremist groups. Its failure led to the rise of the Nazi Party and the eventual collapse of democracy in Germany.
Battle of Gallipoli
Major World War I battle fought in 1915 on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey. Allied forces, mainly from Australia and New Zealand, attempted to secure a sea route to Russia by capturing the Ottoman Empire's capital, Constantinople. However, they faced strong resistance and suffered heavy casualties, ultimately resulting in their withdrawal.
Plan XVII
French military strategy during WWI
Offensive plan to quickly defeat Germany
Focused on offensive maneuvers in Alsace-Lorraine
Failed due to German defensive strength
Resulted in heavy French casualties and stalemate
Alsace and Lorraine
Region in northeastern France, historically disputed between France and Germany. Annexed by Germany after Franco-Prussian War, returned to France after World War I. Source of tension and territorial disputes between the two countries.
John J Pershing
General who led the American Expeditionary Forces in WWI. Known for his leadership and strategic skills. Played a key role in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, a major Allied victory.
Battle of Belleu-wood
Fierce World War I battle fought between the U.S. Marine Corps, french british gainst German forces in 1918. US victory helped halt German advance and boosted morale.
Mustafa Kemal
Led Ottoman victory in Gallipoli
Douglas Haig
British general during World War I, known for his leadership in the Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Passchendaele. Criticized for his tactics and high casualties, but credited with helping to secure victory for the Allies.
Luigi Cardona
Italian commander
ANZACS
Soldiers from Australia and New Zealand Army Corps, notably fought in battle of Gallipoli
Lloyd George
Britsih PM at start of war
Winston Churchill
PM who succeded George
Battle of Aisne
Early allied offensive in which Germans continued retreat and eventually built trenches, marking the start of trench warfare.
Battle of Mons
between the British Expeditionary Force and the German Army. It was the first major engagement for the British in the war. Despite being outnumbered, the British put up a strong resistance but eventually had to retreat due to overwhelming German forces.
Maximilian von Prittwitz
German general during World War I who commanded the 8th Army. He was known for his cautious approach and lack of aggression, which led to the defeat of his army during the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914.
Georges Clemenceau
French PM who was one of Big Three in negotations after war
Franz Joseph
Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848 to 1916. Ruled during a period of great change and turmoil in Europe. Known for his conservatism and resistance to political reform. Oversaw the rapid industrialization of Austria-Hungary but struggled to maintain stability within the empire. Assassination of his heir, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggered World War I.
Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf
Austro-Hungarian general during WWI. Known for his aggressive military strategies and advocating for a preemptive strike against Serbia. Lacked flexibility and failed to adapt to the changing nature of warfare. Controversial figure, criticized for his role in the failures of the Austro-Hungarian army.
Battle of Bolimov
A World War I battle fought in Poland on January 31, 1915. It was known for the first use of chemical weapons by the Germans, who released gas-filled shells. However, the gas was ineffective due to the cold weather, and the battle ended in a stalemate.
Alexsei Brusilov
He developed the Brusilov Offensive, a successful military strategy that inflicted heavy losses on the Central Powers. The offensive involved a series of coordinated attacks along the Eastern Front, aiming to overwhelm and break through enemy lines.
King Albert
Belgian King during ww1