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explain the process of how carbohydrates are digested
mouth - salivary amylase - hydrolyses glycosidic bonds in starch to maltose
stomach - conditions are acidic and dentures amylase
small intestine (duodenum) - the remaining starch mixes with the secretion from he pancreas calves pancreatic juice (contains pancreatic amylase and alkaline salts). pancreatic amylase continues the hydrolysis of any remaining starch to maltose. alkaline salts maintain the pH at around neutral so that the amylase can function.
small intestine (ileum) - epithelial cells containing membrane bound enzymes. the maltese hydrolyses the maltose into glucose, which is small enough to cross the ileum wall into the blood
explain the process of lipid digestion
Pepsin
hydrolyses the peptide bond between amino acids in the stomach
work in low pH
form short polypeptide chain
Trypsin
hydrolyse the peptide bonds between amino acids in the duodenum
produced by the pancreas
forms short polypeptide chains and dipeptides
Dipeptides
hydrolyses the peptide bond between the two amino acids of a dipeptide
they are membrane bound being part of the cell surface membrane of the epithelial cels lining the item
where does pepsin work in the process of protein digestion?
in the middle of the polypeptide chain (endo/in)
where does trypsin work in the process of protein digestion?
works at the end of the polypeptide chain (exo)
where does dipeptides work in the process of protein digestion?
works between two amino acids
explain the process of lipid digestion
most lipid/triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine (duodenum)
lipid/triglycerides form a suspension of large droplets
lipid/triglycerides are split up into smaller droplets by bile salts
this process is called emulsification and increases the surface area for lipase action
so faster hydrolysis of lipid/triglycerides
lipases are produced in the pancreas and they hydrolyse the ester bonds found in triglycerides to form fatty acids and glycerol/monoglycerides
the fatty acids and glycerol/monoglycerides are carried to the epithelial cells lining the small intestine (ileum) in the form of micelles