BIO 214 Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

is prokaryote or eukaryote larger

eukaryotes are larger

how do eukaryotes and prokaryotes divide

mitosis; binary fission

what are the cell walls made of for archaea

psuedomurein

is a plasma membrane present in all bacterial cells

yes

is cytoplasm present in all bacterial cells

yes cytoplasm present in all

is 70S ribosome present in all bacterial cells

yes 70S ribosome present in all

is nucleoid present in all bacterial cells

yes nucleoid is present in all 

is a capsule present in all 

no, capsule is only present in some

is cell wall present in all bacterial cells

no, cell wall is only present in some

is pilus present in all bacterial cells

no, pilus is only present in some

is flagella present in all bacterial cells

no, flagella is only present in some

is plasmid present in all bacterial cells

no, plasmid is only present in some

is fimbriae present in all bacterial cells

no, fimbriae is only present in some

are inclusions present in all bacterial cells 

no, inclusions are only present in some

what is the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane

80% water plus proteins, carbs, lipids, and ions

passive transport

high to low concentration doe

does passive transport need energy

No energy required

simple diffusion

small uncharged molecules pass directly through

facilitated diffusion

ions and large molecules pass through a transporter (driven by conc. gradient)

active transport

substances move from low to high concentration (REQUIRES ENERGY AND TRANSPORTER)

how is gram positive cell wall held together

teichoic acid and anchored to cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid

gram negative cell wall is contained within periplasm. What is periplasm?

space between the cell membrane and outer membrane

what are porins

proteins embedded within the outer membrane that form channels and control the entry/exit of molecules

what is found on the outer membranes of leaflets

lipopolysaccharide

what is a nucleoid

where DNA is stored and located

what shape is a bacterial chromosome

circular thread of DNA

what are plasmids

extrachromosomal genetic elements that carry non-essential genes

what is peptidoglycan made of

chains of alternating sugar residues

what are the alternating sugar residues of peptidoglycan

NAG and NAM (ONLY LINKED BY POLYPEPTIDE BRIDGES ON NAM)

what does lipid A of LPS do

lipid A anchors LPS into the outer membrane 

what does core polysaccharide of LPS do

connects lipid A to O polysaccharide

what does the O polysaccharide on LPS do

chain of sugars that protrude from the cell, targeted by the host immune system (O antigen)

how does lysozyme fight bacteria

present in tears and saliva; breaks bonds between NAG and NAM residues in peptidoglycan

how does beta lactam fight bacteria 

inhibits enzyme transpeptidase that forms peptide bridges in the peptidoglycan 

what is the glycocalyx

general term for substance made of polysaccharides found external to the cell wall

what are the two types of glycocalyx

capsule (protects bacteria from phagocytosis) and slime layer which is produced by bacteria in nature

what does flagella allow for

movement toward nutrients and away from danger (taxis)

what is flagella composed of 

proteins (many including monomer flagellin) (H antigens)

how does flagella rotate

driven by molecular motor propelling bacterial cell through the environment

what do fimbriae allow for 

attachment which is important in biofilm formation 

what protein are fimbriae and pili composed of

pilin

what do pili allow for

motility (gliding and twitching)

how many pili per cell

only one

the conjugation (sex) pilus is a special type of pilus involved in

DNA transfer from one cell to another (retracts to bring them in contact)

when are endospores produced

by bacillus and clostridium spp when nutrients are depleted

what is sporulation

endospore formation

what is germination

reactivation of endospore to a vegetative state

endosymbiotic theory 

• larger microbial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing into the first eukaryotes 

• ingested photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts 

• ingested aerobic bacteria became mitochondria