Levels of Organization, 11 Organ Systems, Homeostasis

Anatomy

Study of body parts' structure and relationships.

Physiology

Study of body parts' functions and activities.

Gross Anatomy

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of structures too small to see without a microscope.

Regional Anatomy

Examines structures in a specific body region.

Systemic Anatomy

Studies body structures by organ systems.

Cytology

Study of cells, the basic units of life.

Histology

Study of tissues and their organization.

Complementarity of Structure and Function

Structure determines function; they are interrelated.

Chemical Level

Simplest level; includes atoms and molecules.

Cellular Level

Consists of cells, the basic units of life.

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells performing a common function.

Organ Level

Structures composed of different tissues working together.

Organ System Level

Groups of organs working together for a common purpose.

Organism Level

The highest level; a living individual.

Survival factors

Includes nutrients, oxygen, water, temperature, and pressure.

Functions necessary for life

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, and reproduction.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Homeostasis pathway

Sequence: Sensor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector.

Feedback loop

Process where output influences input in a system.

Positive feedback

Response enhances stimulus, increasing system output.

Negative feedback

Response counteracts stimulus, stabilizing system output.

Function of the Cardiovascular System

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions, and waste products to relevant parts of the body.

Function of the Digestive System

Breaks down food into smaller molecules for absorption and eliminates undigested waste.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and homeostasis.

Function of the Integumentary System

Provides external body covering, defense, sensation, and regulates temperature.

Function of the Lymphatic System

Returns fluids to the blood and supports immune functions.

Function of the Muscular System

Allows movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat.

Function of the Nervous System

Controls body responses to internal and external changes; maintains homeostasis.

Function of the Reproductive System

Produces gametes for reproduction; supports fetal development in females.

Function of the Respiratory System

Supplies oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide, and balances pH.

Function of the Skeletal System

Supports and protects the body, stores minerals, and aids in blood cell production.

Function of the Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous waste and maintains homeostasis of electrolytes and fluids.

What organs are located in the cardiovascular system?

Heart (pericardial cavity, thoracic), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

What organs are located in the digestive system?

Oral cavity, esophagus (thoracic), stomach (abdominopelvic), intestines (abdominopelvic), liver, pancreas, gallbladder

What organs are located in the endocrine system?

Thyroid gland (neck), adrenal glands, pancreas (abdominopelvic), pituitary gland, ovaries, testes

What organs are located in the integumentary system?

Skin (external), hair, nails, glands

What organs are located in the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes (various regions), spleen (abdominopelvic), thymus, tonsils

What organs are located in the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles (throughout the body)

What organs are located in the nervous system?

Brain (cranial cavity), spinal cord (vertebral cavity), peripheral nerves, sensory receptors

What organs are located in the reproductive system?

Male: Testes (scrotal), duct systems; Female: Ovaries, uterus (abdominopelvic), mammary glands

What organs are located in the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (pleural cavities, thoracic)

What organs are located in the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints (throughout the body)

What organs are located in the urinary system?

Kidneys (abdominopelvic), ureters, bladder (pelvic), urethra