Macro (Chapter 7: GDP)

Economic growth

refers to an increase in output or, on other words, an expansion of production possibilities

gross national product (GNP)

the sum of the market values of all final goods and services produced by citizens of a country within a given period of time

Expenditure approach

Highlights the importance of consumer spending vs. government purchases—the sum value of all final goods and services produced within the nation’s borders.

Income Approach

Sum of all income within a nation’s borders (wages, interest, rent and profits).

Value added approach

calculates the value of each transaction that the production process adds to the economy.

Example of value added approach

Stage 1: Trees are sold to the lumber company. $800
Stage 2: Lumber is sold to a furniture company. $2,000
Stage 3: Furniture company sells furniture to a retail store. $5,000
Stage 4: Furniture store sells furniture to the consumer. $9,000

Formula for total expenditure

Total Expenditure= Consumption (C) + Investment (I) + Government purchases (G) + Net Exports

consumption (C)

Spending on goods and services by private individuals and households. Does not include used products!

investment (I)

Spending on productive inputs, such as factories, machinery, and inventories

government purchases (G)

Spending on goods and services by all levels of government. Does not include any transfer payments.

Transfer payments

Payments by the government to the people in exchange of no good or services. Example: Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, Stimulus checks, or any welfare programs.

net exports (NX)

exports minus imports; the value of goods and services produced domestically and consumed abroad minus the value of goods and services produced abroad and consumed domestically

income approach formula

Y = Income = Wages + Interest + Rental income + Profits.

Nominal GDP

Goods and services are valued at current prices.

Real GDP

The total value of all goods and services produced in an economy, adjusted to account for inflation or deflation by using prices from a constant, or base, year. 

GDP deflator

a measure of the overall change in prices in an economy, using the ratio between real and nominal GDP

Gross domestic product (GDP)

the total dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a nation’s borders in a given time period, usually one year.

All Three approaches must give us the same answer. Why? Expenditure approach. Income approach. Value added approach

All three approaches measure the same economic activity from different angles - every dollar spent becomes a dollar earned, which represents a dollar of value created.

Apple produced 200 iPhones in 2024 to be sold in 2025.

GDP 2024: 200 iPhones are considered investments (I)

GDP 2025: 200 iPhones are considered as consumption (C)

GDP 2025: Subtract 200 iPhones (Inventory or I)

Inventory

is the stock of goods that a company produces now but does not sell immediately.

If exports are greater than imports:

There’s a trade surplus

Why does expendenture=income?

The amount you make determines how much you spend!