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lipid
General name of a fat polymer.
phospholipid
A specific example of a lipid polymer, makes up cell membranes.
triglyceride
A specific example of a lipid polymer, stores energy in fat cells.
glycerol
A fat monomer. Forms the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids
fatty acid
A fat monomer. Are long hydrocarbon chains- 3 in triglycerides, 2 phospholipids.
saturated fat
A fatty acid where all of the carbons are "full" of hydrogen, the carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds, the fatty acid chains will be straight (not "kinked" or bent) and stack together well. Solid at room temperature.
unsaturated fat
A fatty acid where some of the carbons are NOT "full" of hydrogen, some of the carbon-carbon bonds are double bonds, the fatty acid chains will be "kinked" or bent (not straight) and not stack together well. Liquid at room temperature.
trans fat
A fatty acid where some of the carbons are NOT "full" of hydrogen, some of the carbon-carbon bonds are double bonds, but the fatty acid chains will be will still be straight (not "kinked" or bent). Considered very unhealthy.
what we use fats for
long-term energy, parts of cell membranes, insulate/cushion body parts, and make hormones.
elements in fats
CHO, sometimes P
ratio of C:H:O in fats
C:H:O is not close to 1:2:1 (very little O!)
functional groups in fats
hydroxyl -OH, found in alcohols such as glycerol monomers (where it will connect to fatty acids) and carboxyl -COOH, found at the end of acids such as fatty acid monomers (where they will connect to glycerol). Phosphate group -PO4 found in phospholipids only!
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond together with the removal of a water molecule. How lipid polymers are made from glycerol + fatty acid monomers.
hydrolysis
A chemical reaction in which one molecule has covalent bonds broken with the addition of a water molecule. How lipid polymers are broken down into glycerol + fatty acid monomers.
cholesterol
A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and is used to make steroids (testosterone, estrogen, etc.).
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Sphere of fat and protein that transport cholesterol to organs and tissues through the bloodstream; excess amounts result in the accumulation of fatty deposits on artery walls and increasing the risk of heart disease and heart attack.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Sphere of fat and protein that transport cholesterol out of the arteries through the bloodstream, thereby protecting against heart disease and heart attacks.
polypeptide
general name for a protein polymer
amino acid
general name for a protein monomer- there are 20 kinds
catalase and lactase enzymes
specific examples of a protein polymer, do work in cell, help with chemical reactions
actin
specific example of a protein polymer, gives cells a shape, makes up the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm of cell
antibody
specific example a protein polymer, helps immune system fight infectious disease
peptide bond
A covalent bond that holds together amino acids in a polypeptide chain. A strong bond.
hydrogen bond
A bond that holds together parts of a peptide chain in a helix, zig-zag sheet, or folded shape. A weaker bond. (#1 and #2 in picture.)
what we use protein for
growth & repair: parts of cells, enzymes, antibodies
elements in proteins
CHON, sometimes S
functional groups in proteins
amine -NH2 and carboxyl -COOH, found at opposite ends of amino acids. They will connect to the opposite group on another amino acid when making a polypeptide (an amine will bond to a carboxyl).
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are covalently bond together with the removal of a water molecule. How polypeptide polymers are built from amino acid monomers.
hydrolysis
A chemical reaction in which one molecule has covalent bonds broken with the addition of a water molecule. How polypeptide polymers are broken down into amino acid monomers.
enzyme
A protein catalyst. It speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of activation energy needed to start the reaction. It brings reactants together at its active site. It looks the same before and after it catalyzes a reaction. In the digestive system, they help with chemical digestion.
substrate
The substance that binds to an enzyme at the enzyme's active site. A reactant- it is changed into a new substance.
enzyme-substrate complex
A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).
active site
The place on an enzyme where substrates (reactants) bind to and are changed in a chemical reaction. Substrates will bind to the enzyme here similar to a "lock and key".
activation energy
The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction. It is lowered by enzymes in order to increase the rate of a chemical reaction happening.
denatured
A protein that has lost its shape and cannot function normally. If an enzyme, it cannot help catalyze reactions normally. Often happens when proteins are expose to extreme pH or temperature.
lactase
Specific enzyme made and used in small intestine. Substrate: lactose ("milk sugar"/carbohydrate dimer/disaccharide), digested into glucose and galactose (carbohydrate monomers/monosaccharides).
pepsin
Specific enzyme made and used in stomach where pH is acidic. Substrate: polypeptide (protein polymer), digested into amino acids (protein monomers).
trypsin
Specific enzyme made by pancreas, used in small intestine where pH is more neutral. Substrate: polypeptide (protein polymer), digested into amino acids (protein monomers).
how pH affects enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate
Must be ideal level, too high or low decreases reaction rate by changing hydrogen bonds & polar/nonpolar interactions which causes the enzyme to change shape (denature).
how temperature affects enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate
Must be ideal level, too high or low decreases reaction rate. Cold- Not enough kinetic energy. Enzyme and substrate don't collide to react as often. Hot- Too much kinetic energy. Breaks bonds and enzyme loses shape (denature).
how enzyme concentration affects enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate
Will increase the rate of the reaction as long as there is an unlimited amount of reactant.
how substrate concentration affects enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate
Increases until all of the active sites are being used, at which point the rate of reaction levels off.
hydroxyl
-OH, in carbohydrates and fats
sulfhydryl
-SH, in some proteins
phosphate
-PO4 -2, in DNA/RNA and some fats (phospholipids in cell membrane!)
carboxyl
-COOH, in proteins and fats
amino
-NH2, in proteins
nucleic acid
General name for a nucleic acid polymer
nucleotide
General name for a nucleic acid monomer. Is made of a 5-carbon sugar (a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (specific examples: A,T,C,G,U)
DNA and RNA
specific examples of nucleic acid polymers
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)
specific examples of nucleotides, the 4 found in DNA
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), uracil (U)
specific example of nucleotides, the 4 found in RNA
elements in nucleic acids
CHONP
what we use nucleic acids for
contain inherited information for how to make proteins
glucose, galactose
specific examples of monosaccharides (carbohydrate monomers)
lactose
specific example of disaccharides (carbohydrate dimer)
glycogen, amylose (starch), cellulose (fiber)
specific examples of polysaccharides (carbohydrate polymers)
DNA, RNA
specific examples of nucleic acid polymers
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)
specific examples of nucleotides (nucleic acid monomers) in DNA
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), uracil (U)
specific examples of nucleotides (nucleic acid monomers) in RNA
enzyme (lactase, catalase), actin cytoskeleton, antibody
specific examples of protein polymers
phospholipid, triglyceride
specific examples of fat polymers
saturated fat, unsaturated fat, trans fat
types of fatty acid chains (fat monomers)
