Intro to Motor Speech Disorders Exam 1 SPPA 442

Central nervous system CNS

Primary division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System PNS

The nerves that leave the central nervous system (CNS) to travel to the rest of the body

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)

Descending tract of an axon that originates in the cerebral cortex and travels in the central nervous system (CNS) to synapse with a lower motor neuron (LMN)

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)

the efferent (carries info from the central nervous system) component of a cranial or spinal nerve to the final common pathway

Direct Activation Pathway (DAP)

Axons that course from the primary motor cortices, premotor cortices, and supplementary motor cortices of the frontal lobes directly down into the brain stem and spinal cord to synapse with lower motor neurons

Indirect Activation Pathway (IAP)

Axons that travel a more indirect path between the primary motor cortices and lower motor neurons. The IAP has many complicated connections with subcortical structures before coursing inferiorly through the CNS to synapse with lower motor neurons

Motor Speech Disorder (MSD)

Disorder that involves a disruption to the effective manufacture, refinement, transmission, and execution of motor plans for speech

Dysarthria characteristics

Disruption or degeneration of an intact (motor) movement plan for the movement of speech musculature is characteristic of this disorder

Dysarthria

Neurologic speech disorders resulting from abnormal strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of movements required for the appropriate production of speech

Apraxia of Speech characteristics

Inconsistent and unpredictable articulation errors, groping gestures of the articulators, and error free automatic utterances are characteristics of this disorder

Association Fibers

White matter pathways that connect different regions or areas within the same cerebral hemisphere

Commissural Fibers

White matter pathways that connect analogous or corresponding areas between the two cerebral hemispheres

Apraxia of Speech

An acquired disorder of speech originating from an inability to create and sequence motor plans for speech.

articulation errors are more frequent on longer/more phonetically complex words

Projection Fibers

White matter tracts that project from the brain to the spinal cord, transmitting motor signals out from the CNS to the PNS and sensory signals from the PNS back up to the brain

Melodic Intonation Therapy

An evidence-based aphasia treatment that aims to use the intact melodic and prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere to help cue retrieval of words and expressive language

Phonetic Cues

a vital sound-based clinical strategy used to facilitate word retrieval in individuals with aphasia or apraxia of speech

PROMPT

tactile-kinesthetic intervention strategy under the umbrella of the articulatory-kinematic approach designed to primarily treat apraxia of speech

Aphasia

An acquired deficit in language abilities resulting from damage to the central nervous system (CNS), most commonly the left cerebral hemisphere

Buccofacial Apraxia

inability to program and execute volitional, non-speech movements of the tongue, lips, pharynx, and larynx on command

Ideomotor Apraxia

An impairment in the ability to program, sequence, and execute volitional motor movements to manipulate objects or perform gestures on command, despite having intact muscle strength, sensation, and clear understanding of the task

Ideational Apraxia

An inability to conceptualize a task, formulate motor plans required for the task, or hold in memory the idea of the task long enough to accomplish the task successfully

Articulatory-Kinematic Approach

An evidence-based therapeutic framework for treating apraxia of speech that relies on neuroplasticity to rebuild, restore, or find alternative pathways for damaged motor speech plans

Motor Practice

Heavy emphasis on intensive, repetitive drill-based practice. Repeatedly targeting specific speech sounds, syllables, and phrases helps crystallize and automate the motor plans in the brain

Modeling-Repetition

the clinician provides an explicit visual and auditory model of a target sound, and the patient immediately attempts to mirror and repeat the production

Phonetic Derivation

takes an intact, non-speech oral movement or an existing speech sound from the patients repertoire and modifies it to produce a target speech sound

Automatic Speech

Highly overlearned, rote language sequences or phrases that a person can produce seamlessly with little to no conscious cognitive or motor-speech planning

Volitional Speech

purposeful, conscious language creation that requires active cognitive processing and motor-speech planning to convey a specific unique message

Intersystemic Reorganization

a therapeutic strategy that pairs a damaged neurological system with an intact, functional system to facilitate and guide the execution of a lost or impaired action