ex 1 pt.2 lab procedures

formulas

equivalent wt/ml

percentage yield

ALKALOIDS

basic nitrogenated compounds comprising the largest class of secondary plant metabolites

physiologically active

ALKALOIDS

usually occur in plants as their water-soluble salts

ALKALOIDS

form double salts with Hg, Au, Pt, and other heavy metals; these salts are obtained as precipitates which are micro- crystallographic

Hg, Au, Pt,

ALKALOIDS

form double salts with __ and other heavy metals; these salts are obtained as precipitates which are micro-crystallographic

micro-crystallographic

form double salts with Hg, Au, Pt, and other heavy metals; these salts are obtained as precipitates which are __

(+) cream color precipitate

positive result of Mayer’s Test

Mayer’s reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide TS)

reagent of Mayer’s test

(+) orange color precipitate

positive result of DRAGENDORFF’S TEST

Wagner’s reagent (Iodine in potassium iodide)

reagent of Wagner’s test

(+) reddish brown color precipitate

positive result of Wagner’s test

Valser’s reagent (Mercuric iodide TS)

Valser’s test reagent

(+) white color precipitate

positive result of Valser’s test

Hager’s reagent (Saturated solution of picric acid)

Hager’s test reagent

(+) yellow color precipitate

positive result of Hager’s test

GLYCOSIDES

plant constituents which produces sugars as products of hydrolysis

mineral acids

glycosides are hydrolyzed by boiling __

GLYCOSIDES

sugar ethers

GLYCOSIDES

regulatory, protective and sanitary compounds

glycone

• sugar component

• common denominator

• inactive

aglycone

• non-sugar component

• basis of classification

• active

glycone / aglycone

CARDENOLIDE & BUFADIENOLIDE

steroidal glycosides also known as “cardiac glycosides”

CARDENOLIDE & BUFADIENOLIDE

have a prominent effect on the heart muscle

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus (CPPP nucleus)

steroid structure of Cardenolide & Bufadienolide

Cardenolides

• more common

• optimum activity

• C-23, a, B- unsaturated

• 5 membered lactone ring

Bufadienlides

• less common (from toad skin of Bufo spp.)

• less activity

• C-24, double unsaturated

• 6 membered lactone ring

cardenolides / bufadienolides

Bufadienolide

Cardenolide

KELLER-KILIANI’S TEST

test for 2-deoxysugars

Ferric chloride TS (3 mL 1% FeCl3 in 50 mL glacial acetic acid)

reagent of Keller-Kiliani’s test

reddish-brown color, which may turn blue or purple

positive result of Keller- Kiliani’s test

LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD TEST

•test for unsaturated steroids and triterpenes

dichloromethane, acetic anhydride, conc. H2SO4

reagents of LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD TEST

positive result

colors ranging from blue to green, red, pink, purple or violet

KEDDE’S TEST

test for unsaturated lactones

Kedde’s reagent (1 g 3.5-dinitrobenzoic acid in positive50 mL methanol and 50 mL 2M KOH mixture)

reagent of Kedde’s test

blue-violet color

positive result KEDDE’S TEST

2 mL 0.025% digitoxin in methanol

positive standard of Kedde’s test

Salkowski’s test

test for sterols

conc. H₂SO₄

reagent of salkowski’s test

red layer in junction

positive result of salkowski’s test

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

largest group of naturally occurring quinone pigments

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

• occur as hydroxylated, methylated, or carboxylated derivatives of anthraquinones, anthrones, anthranal, or dianthrone

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

O-glycosides or C-glycosides, or as their aglycones

ammonia solution (35.7 mL of 28% ammonia in 64.3 mL d. H2O)

reagent of Borntrager’s test

red coloration in the lower ammoniacal layer

positive result of borntrager’s test

0.5M KOH, 5% H2O2, glacial acetic acid, benzene, ammonia

reagent of MODIFIED BORNTRÄGER’S TEST

pink color

positive result of MODIFIED BORNTRÄGER’S TEST

flavonoids

phenolic plant pigments containing γ-benzopyrone nucleus

FLAVONOIDS

include anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, cathechins, aurones, chalcones

FLAVONOIDS

have reported anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti- inflammatory and cytotoxic activities

BATE-SMITH AND METCALF METHOD

test for leucoanthocyanins

conc. hydrochloric acid

reagent of BATE-SMITH AND METCALF METHOD

strong red or violet

positive result of BATE-SMITH AND METCALF METHOD

WILSTATTER “CYANIDIN” TEST

test for γ-benzopyrone nucleus

conc. hydrochloric acid, magnesium turnings, octanol

reagent of WILSTATTER “CYANIDIN” TEST

colors ranging from orange to red, to crimson and magenta, and occasionally to green or blue

positive result of WILSTATTER “CYANIDIN” TEST

SAPONINS

steroidal/triterpenoid glycosides characterized by their ability to froth when agitated

SAPONINS

exert a powerful hemolytic action on RBCs and are highly toxic when injected into the bloodstream

SAPONINS

has interesting spermicidal & molluscicidal activity

• steroidal – monocot (Dioscoreaceae)

• triterpenoid – dicot (Agavaceae)

two types of saponins

• Sarsaparilla – a beverage (root beer)

• Gugo – used as shampoo

• Ginseng – “drug for longevity”, adaptogen, tonic

other plants with saponins:

FROTHTEST

formation of persistent honeycomb froth upon shaking

the honeycomb froth is greater than 2 cm height from the surface of the liquid persists after 10 minutes

positive result of froth test

Na2CO3

froth test

for plant extracts with poor frothing effects, add a little 5% __ to basify the extract; the formation of a stable and dense froth indicates presence of free fatty acids

free fatty acids

froth test

for plant extracts with poor frothing effects, add a little 5% Na2CO3 to basify the extract; the formation of a stable and dense froth indicates presence of __

clear zones of hemolysis (hemolytic halos)

positive result of agad cup hemolytic test

TANNINS AND POLYPHENOLS

first applied to plant constituents capable of transforming raw animal skin into leather

TANNINS AND POLYPHENOLS

precipitates proteins, alkaloids and glycosides

tannic acid:

antidote for alkaloid poisoning

TANNINS AND POLYPHENOLS

acidic, sharp-puckering taste

tannins anf polyphenols (hydrolyzable/non-hydrolyzable)

uses:tanning industry, treatment of burns, potential value as

cytotoxic and/or antineoplastic agents, astringent properties

use of tannins and polyphenols

polyphenols

have similarities to tannin structures; they are used as additives in tanning agents in the leather industry

gelatin-salt reagent(equal amount of 1% gelatin sol’n & 10% NaCl sol’n)

reagent of Gelatin test

formation of jelly-precipitate

positive result of gelatin test

iron (III) chloride, FeCl3 (3 mL 1% FeCl3 sol’n in 100 mL d. H2O)

ferric chloride test reagent

bluish black for hydrolysable tannins while brownish green for condensed tannins

ferric chloride test positive result

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

often found in legumes, root crops and grasses

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES

usually found in plants together with hydrolytic enzymes

spontaneous hydrolysis

most cyanogenic glycosides are lost after plant harvest due to _

Manihot esculenta Crantz

the roots of __ (cassava), causes poisoning when eaten if tubers are half-cooked or cooked with intact root peelings

Prunus amydalus

__ (almonds) are also known to contain cyanogenic glycosides; emulsin hydrolyses glycosides

appearance of various shades of red within 15 mins when the tube is warmed (yellow to brick red)

positive result of GUIGNARD’S TEST

carbohydrates

most abundant group of organic molecules

• provide significant amount of energy; storage form of energy; cell component; structural component

monosaccharides

building blocks of carbohydrates

FEHLING’S TEST

test for reducing sugars (presence of aldehydes but not ketones)

brick red precipitate

positive result of Fehling’s test

MOLISCH TEST

test for pentoses and hexoses

bluish violet ring at the junction

positive result of molisch test

BENEDICT’S TEST

test for reducing sugars (monosaccharide or disaccharide containing hemiacetal or hemiketal group)

brick red precipitate

positive result of Benedict’s test

proteins

group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids

amino acids

building block or protein

flesh precipitate

positive result of millon’s test

yellow precipitate

positive result of Xanthoproteic test

lipids

any of a group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, are oily to the touch

GREASY SPOT TEST

extract dissolved in petroleum ether orhexane

greasy spot on paper

greasy spot test positive result