CCC101

Computer

An electronic device that processes  data

Program

Set of instructions

Input devices

Allow users to enter data

Output devices

Display or provide results

Processing unit

The "brain" that performs calculations and executes instructions

Memory

Stores data and programs for quick access

Storage

Keeps data and programs for long-term use

Abacus (2400 BC)

One of the earliest computing tools.

Charles Babbage's Difference Engine & Analytical Engine (19th century)

Precursors to modern mechanical computers.

Z1 (1938)

First programmable computer, created by Konrad Zuse.

ENIAC (1945

First electronic computer.

Apple II & Commodore PET (1977

Popularized personal computers.

World Wide Web (1989

Invented by Tim Berners-Lee, revolutionized communication and information sharing.

Moore's Law

Transistor count on microchips doubles every two years, while cost halves.

Binary system

Computers process and store data using 0s and 1s.

Supercomputers

Perform quintillions of calculations per second.

First computer mouse

Invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1964

computer program

is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform tasks

1. Analyzing the problem

2. Designing a solution (algorithm)

3. Writing the code using a programming language

4. Testing and debugging the program to ensure correctness

5. Maintaining and updating

Programming Process

Programming Languages

Formal languages used to communicate instructions to machines

Algorithms

Step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks.

Data Structures

Methods for organizing and storing data for efficient access and modification.

Debugging

: The process of finding and fixing errors in programs.

Machine Code

Binary instructions understood by the CPU.

Assembly Language

Uses mnemonics, specific to architecture.

Low-level Languages

More abstraction than assembly; e.g., C.

High-level Languages

Closer to human language

Very High-level Languages

Specialized for specific tasks

Compiled languages

Translated to machine code before execution

Interpreted languages

Executed line by line

Python

Known for its simplicity and versatility

Java

Widely used for enterprise applications

JavaScript

Essential for web development

C++

Used for system/application software, game development

Preprocessing

Handles directives like #include

Compilation

Converts C code to assembly language

Assembly

Converts assembly code to object code

Linking

Combines object code with libraries to create an executable