Bio 106 Exam 1 Notecards

When was the big bang

13.7 Years ago (how old the earth is)

When did our solar system form

4.6 billion years ago

When did life on earth emerge

4.0-3.5 years ago (estimated 3.8 BYA)

1st of early earths four stages of chemical evolution

Formation of small organic molecules (nucleotides, amino acids)

2nd of early earths four stages of chemical evolution

formation of polymers (monomers create polymers, puts organic molecules together)

3rd of early earths four stages of chemical evolution

formation of membrane (for polymers)

4th of early earths four stages of chemical evolution

development of cellular properties

conditions that favored he evolution of life

little/no oxygen, abundant energy sources, presence of building blocks, time

life begets life

all living things are made of cells, all cells are reused cells

primordial (AKA prebiotic) soup

part of earth that contained simple organic molecules

reducing atmosphere hypothesis

there was no oxygen in the early atmosphere

extraterrestrial hypothesis

organic molecules arrive on this planet in an extraterrestrial way (EX: meteorite)eep D

Deep Sea vent hypothesis

deep sea vents have their own ecosystems and ideal temps for organic moleculesp

protobiont

precursor to life, NOT ALIVE, separation between polymers

coacervate (protobionts)

charged polymers, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, forms barrier around charged polymers

microsphere (protobionts)

smaller than coacervate, surrounded by a macromolecular boundary (lipid and proteins)

liposomes

hollow sphere surrounded by phospholipid bilayerNAR

RNA key functions

ability to store info (stored in nucleotide sequences) self replicate VIA base pairing, act as an enzyme

ribozyme

acts as an enzyme to synthesize other molecules (DNA protein)

Pyrimidines

C, U, T

purines

A, G

3.1 billion years ago

1st photosynthetic organisms

2 BYA

appearance of oxygen in atmosphere

1.5 BYA

oldest definite fossils of eukaryotes

1 BYA

first multicellular organismsia

evolution

genetic changes that occur within a population of organisms

abiotic changes

non alive changes, influences how a population functions

radioisotope dating

uses decay rates of elements to determine how old something is

first organisms to populate the planet

prokaryotes

symbiotic

2 organisms that live in close relation

endosymbiotic

one lives inside of the other and phagocytosis created new organelles

disruptive selection

favors 2 extremes (RR AND rr)

directional selection

favors 1 extreme (RR OR rr)

stabilizing selection

prefers middle/neutralizing characteristics over extremes, ends up eliminating extremes (Rr)

balancing selection

favors normal bell curve with large genetic variety, maintains genetic diversity

adaptive radiation

adapts far away (radiates) from parent

sexual selection

mechanism of evolution, how genes are passed down

intrasexual selection

competition between sex for mate (ex: deer)

intersexual selection

sex chooses mate (ex: female bird chasing male bird)

Speciation

evolutionary process that diverges species

allopatric speciation

when species geographically diverge

peripatetic speciation

edge of population diverges (small pop, perimeter)

parapatric speciation

new species form in neighboring populations

sympatric species

new species develop in the same areas/regions

Taxonomic Hierarchy (Dear King Phillip Senior Came Over For Good Soup)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Domain

Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya

Kingdom

animal, plant, fungi, protist

Phylum

scientific name for body part (chordata)

Subphylum

More specific body part name (vertebrate)

Class

common characteristics

Family

end of name = “last name” = same family

Genus

species who are structurally similar

species

group of organisms that can produce offspring (biological species concept)

biological species concept

where members mate with each other + produce viable offspring

reproductive isolating mechanisms

members of different species can not interbreed

ecological species concept

separation of species is maintained by natural selections

punctuated equilibrium

species experience long periods of stability

dissasortive mating

individuals with dissimilar phenotypes mate, results in genetic variety

assortive mating

similar phenotypes mate

phenotype

physical observable characteristics (ex: flower is purple)

genotype

genetic code, alleles (BB)

monophyletic group

one ancestor ALL descendants (ex: mammals)

paraphyletic group

same ancestor Dif trait (ex: reptiles + birds)

polyphyletic group

no common ancestors similar traits (ex: bats + bird)

evolution in todays society

antibiotics

species evolution

evolutionary change in one of more characteristics of a population over time

da vinci

recognized that fossils were remnants of organisms from past

John ray

proposed one of the first early identification systems

Carlos Linnaeus

developed binomial nomenclature (Linnaeus system)

George Louis

noted species can change overtime

jean baptiste

proposed mechanism for evolution

lamrakcs law

animals improve themselves then pass improvements to offspring

Thomas Malthus

claimed population grew exponentially

Charles Lyell

father of unifortaritism

unifortaritism

change takes a long time

catastrophism

change is quick

mechanisms for natural selection

variation, overproduction, limited population growth, differential reproductive rates

variation

population varies in traits

overproduction

more offspring are produced than what can survive

limited population growth

amount of resources is limited

differential reproductive success

some organisms can not mate, different reproductive rates

modern synthesis

how traits are passed on

Theodosius debhanzky

defines evolution as change in allele frequency in a gene pool

fossil record

shows successive evolutionary change through time

island biogeography

isolated populations tend to follow their own evolutionary past

endemic species

species found in one geographical location and no where else (have relatives nearby

comparative anatomy

similar features derived form common ancestors

convergent evolution

non related organisms share similar features that are adapted to a specific enviornment

homoplastic features

characteristics that have similar appearance/functions but do not derive from a common ancestor