World History Final Semester 1

polis

same thing as a city state

epics

a long poem

Acropolis

a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill in a city state

direct democracy

government in Greece in which adult male citizens were allowed to vote and share in the decision making process

Socratic Method

question and answer teaching format

Who was Aristotle?

student of Plato- believed in analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation

Who was Alexander the Great?

son of Phillip II who took control of Macedonia- became a world conqueror beginning with the invasion of Persia

Eratosthenes

astronomer- figured the earth was round and determined its circumference

Archimedes

developed concept of pi- geometry of spheres and cylinders

Herodotus

historian who wrote the first real history in Western civilization

Zeus

chief god- father of the gods

Peloponessian League

alliance created by Sparta and its allies

Athens

one of the two most powerful greek city states-responsible for the foundation of democracy

Mycenaeans

Indo-Europeans who settled in Greece and established a monarchy

Illiad

one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer

oligarchy

“the rule of the few”; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

oracle

sacred shrine where a god/goddess revealed the future through priest/priestess

Parthenon

most famous building on the Acropolis- dedicated to the goddess Athena

Who could vote in Ancient Greece?

adult males

Octavian

Caesar’s heir and grandnephew - would become known as the first emperor Rome - the revered one

Augustus

“the revered one”

Etruscans

Indo-European group who settled in central Italy - toga and short cloak, introduced organized army idea

Law of Nations

laws created to govern both Romans and non-Romans

patricians

wealthy landowners in the political structure of Rome

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama

paterfamilias

dominant males of a Roman household

Latins

group of Indo-Europeans who settled east of Rome in central Italy - Latin, alphabet

1st Punic War

war fought between Rome and Carthage - Rome sent soldiers to Sicily - had been colonized by Carthage - Rome built a navy and defeated Carthage

2nd Punic War

Carthage invaded Rome from the north, won and controlled for a while before Rome rebuilt an army - war eventually went to Africa where the Carthaginians were defeated

3rd Punic War

war fought 50 years later in which Rome completely destroyed Carthage

legion

military unit of 5000 created by Augustus

Julius Caesar

member of The First Triumvirate - military leader in Gaul - became first dictator of Rome

Nero

relative of Augustus who would kill his own mother, take power away from the Senate, and then eventually commit suicide

Spartacus

slave who led a revolt and defeated several Roman armies before he was caught and executed

Hannibal

greatest of the Carthaginian generals who fought in Punic wars

Antony

Caesar’s ally and assistant - fought Octavian for total control - lost - partnered with Cleopatra VII

Crassus

member of The First Triumvirate - richest man in Rome - military leader - led in Syria

scriptorium

a writing room

laity

regular church members of Christianity

patriarch

Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Constantinople

Rivaled in splendor similar to Rome - huge palace complex, hippodrome, churches, new roads, bridges, walls, public baths, law courts, schools, water reservoirs - center of trade and wealth from all parts of the world-named after Constantine

Theodosius the Great

Roman leader who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

Gregory I (Gregory the Great)

man who strengthened the power of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church in the 6th century and took control of surrounding territories

Factors that led to the decline and fall of The Roman Empire

Christianity influence - focus not on military power,Non-Italians moved into the area of Rome and traditional values changed,Mental decline in the population due to lead poisoning, Plague, Slavery limited the advancement of technology, The political system of Rome never worked well.

Edict of Milan

proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity

procurator

official in charge of running a Roman province, (Pintius Pilate)

Constantine

first Christian emperor and co-author of the Edict of Milan

zealots

Jewish people who sought to overthrow Roman rule using violent tactics as necessary

Pontius Pilate

Roman procurator of the province of Judaea who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus

plague

infectious disease

abbess

the head of a convent

Franks

Germanic tribe who lasted longer than the others - established a vast kingdom from the Pyrenees through France into western Germany

Clovis

German who established the Franks as a kingdom, converted to Christianity and gained favor with the Roman Catholic Church

Magna Carta

(The Great Charter) - document of rights that King John was forced to sign (by the nobles) - in order to limit the power of the monarchy

vassal

a man who served a lord in a military capacity (feudal)

guilds

a business association of workers in the same trade or craft that set standards for quality and fixed prices

serf

peasants legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s control

chivalry

an idea of civilized behavior amongst nobility - knights were supposed to uphold a code of ethics

fief

land given to a vassal by a lord

feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe-relationship between lords and vassals

Vikings

Germanic people from Scandinavia / same as Norsemen

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

estate

a social or political class in France

heresy

denial of basic Church doctrines

relics

bones or other objects connected with saints - considered to be worthy of worship by the faithful

Domesday Book

first census

Inquisition

Holy Office - court created by the Church to deal with heretics

Black Death

the plagues that struck Europe in the 14th century

infidels

those who do not share a certain religious veiw

Papal States

territories controlled by the popes

lay investiture

appointment of church officials by secular rulers

Eleanor of Aquitaine

the powerful wife of King Henry II of England who previously was married to King Louis VII of France

Thomas a’ Becket

the archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered in the cathedral by knights loyal to King Richard

Philip IV

tax the clergy, King sends for the Pope to try him in a court of law for illegal behavior.

Battle of Hastings

William of Normandy (“the Conqueror”) defeated King Harold-determined the language and ruling class of England in the High Middle Ages

Cyril & Methodius

created the Cyrillic alphabet in order to create a Christian Bible in the Slavic language

Hildegard of Bingen

in western Germany became abbess and contributed to music called Gregorian chant

Pope Urban II

called Christians together at the Council of Clermont

Francis of Assisi

eventually abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in poverty

Joan of Arc

(peasant woman) whose faith inspired French armies to take Orleans

Saladin

Sultan of Egypt

King Richard I

Richard the Lionhearted- led third crusade but could not take back Jerusalem-worked out a compromise with Saladin, a Muslim leader, to allow Christians to visit Jerusalem

Thomas Aquinas

known for his Summa Theologica which argued that reason

 and faith could exist together

parliament

The representative government that emerged in thirteenth-century England was called

Hanseatic League

trade alliance of northern European cities-instrumental in protecting trade and promoting the economy in Northern Europe.

scholasticism

philosophical system that tried to link faith and reason - connect Christian teachings with Greek philosophers like Aristotle

vernacular

a language of everyday speech in a particular region

Great Schism

after Gregory XI’s death, cardinals in Rome elect a new pope from Italy - Pope Urban VI Later French cardinals elected a French pope who moved to Avignon

Wars of the Roses

civil conflicts of Noble factions led by Henry Tudor who tried to establish a new dynasty

nobility

kings, knights, lords, vassals, dukes, counts, barons, bishops all fell into this category(typically were landowners) - middle men between a king and the peasants

peasants

were free, but many became serfs

Carolingian Empire

divided into 3 parts - west Frankish lands were one part - made up most of present-day France

realistic art

Renaissance focused on humans so their art was more realistic to look like people

Why teach liberal arts?

In Renaissance education focused on liberal studies

Brunelleschi’s design of church at San Lorenzo

open, airy spaces that do not overwhelm worshipers

who rules a republic

not a king and citizens get to vote

Machiavelli

wrote The Prince which is about how to get and keep political power

movable type

Johannes Gutenberg was a German printer- increased the rates of literacy in Europe

humanists

the Renaissance was all about humanism and how humans can achieve their best

Leonardo da Vinci

the model “Renaissance man” an artist, scientist, inventor,and visionary who mastered the art of realistic painting -Mona Lisa