microbio test 1

phylogeny

tree of life

3 main sections of phylogeny

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

binomial nomenclature

capitalize genus, lowercase species, italicize both

put these in order of size smallest to largest: virus, protein, animal & plant cell, fungi, bacteria

protein, virus, bacteria, fungi, animal & plant cell

prokaryotic ___ a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic ____ a membrane-bound nucleus

prokaryotic lack a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic contain a membrane-bound nucleus

bacteria are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

archaea are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

protists are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

eukaryotes

protists

a catch all kingdom → not an animal, plant or fungus. includes algae and protozoa

fungi are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

eukaryotic

fungi

non-photosynthetic, contain cell walls made of chitin. includes yeasts and molds

helminths are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

eukaryotic

helminths

multicellular parasitic worms transmitted through water, insects, or open wounds. includes flatworms, tapeworms and roundworms

mycology

study of fungi

phycology

study of algae

virology

study of viruses

parasitology

study of parasites

immunology

study of immune system

microbiology

study of micro-organisms

micro-organisms that cause disease are called

pathogens

what kind of pathogen is acellular

viruses

what kind of eukaryotic microbe is photsynthetic

algae

what is the name for unicellular fungi

yeast

9 levels of classification in order

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain

what is the term for bacteria that are comma-shaped

vibrio

cell theory states

all organisms are made up of one or more cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells

endosymbiosis

process by which eukaryotic cells got mitochondria and phototrophs got chloroplast

what is the supporting evidence for endosymbiotic theory

chloroplast and mitochondria have genomes similar to bacteria and have similar metabolic processes to prokaryotes than eukaryotes

germ theory

microbes are major causative agents of disease and avoiding contamination can save lives

draw coccus

done

draw diplococci

done

draw staphylococci

done

draw sarcina

done

draw coccobacillus

done

draw diplobacilli

done

draw streptobacilli

done

draw palisades

done

draw vibrio

done

isotonic solution with cell wall

no net movement of water particles. cell membrane attached to cell wall

hypertonic solution with cell wall

water particles move out of the cell. cell membrane shrinks and detaches from cell wall

hypotonic solution

water particles move into the cell. cell wall counteracts osmotic pressure to prevent swelling

cell wall prefers what types of solutions?

isotonic or hypotonic

haploid bacteria

only one parent

plasmids

contains genes with advantageous traits

ribosomes in prokaryotes contain what complete unit

70s

endospores

protect bacteria cells in an inhospitable environment

fluid mosaic model

ability of fluid movement of membrane components

against concentration gradient

called active transport → requires energy

peptidoglycan is only found in what

bacteria

gram negative

stain pink, thin cell wall sandwiched between 2 membranes

gram positive

stain purple, thick cell wall

glycocalyx

sugar coating on the outside of the cell wall that is either capsule or slime layer

glycocalyx purpose

allow for adhesion, create biofilm, and protect against white blood cells

flagella are characteristic of prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

filamentous appendages contain

fimbriae and pili

F pilus/ sex pilus

a specific type of pili used for transfer of dna between bacterial cells

photaxis stimuli

light

magnetoaxis stimuli

magnetic field

chemotaxis stimuli

chemical gradients

what feature distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

nucleus, found in eukaryotes only

ribosomes in eukaryotes

attached to outer surface of nucleus

overall sedimentation coefficient for eukaryotic ribosomes

80s

endoplasmic reticulum

interconnected array of tubules and cisternae. RER and SER

golgi apparatus

a series of disks containing enzymes that modify lipids and proteins from ER

digestive organelles

consist of lysosomes and peroxisomes

plasma membrane eukaryotes

endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis

mutualism

A: benefits B: benefits

amensalism

A: harmed B: unaffected

commensalism

A: benefitted B: unaffected

neutralism

A: unaffected B: unaffected

parasitism

A: benefitted B: harmed

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms living in and on the human body

microbiome

draw obligate aerobes

done

draw obligate anaerobes

done

draw facultative anaerobes

done facultative anaerobes

draw aerotolerant anaerobes

done

draw microaerophiles

done

deeply branching bacteria are known as what

hyperthermophiles, thrive at high temperatures

acetothermus paucivorians

deepest branching bacteria currently known

5 classes of proteobacteria are all gram ___

gram negative

which class is considered the most likely to contain the ancestor to mitochondria

alphaproteobacteria

where is DNA located in bacterial cell?

nucleoid

where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

what can be inferred about early-earth conditions based on deeply branching bacteria and archaea

earth was hot, dry, and acidic. deeply branching bacteria thrive at high temps and in extreme conditions

what microorganism is the causative agent of stomach ulcers?

helicobacter pylori

clostridum and bacillus have the ability to form what structure making it difficult to kill

endospores

parasites

steals hosts resources and damages the host indirectly through starvation

pathogen

actively damage host through toxins or destruction of tissues

protozoa and algae fall under what category

unicellular eukaryotic protista

contracile vacuoles serve what purpose in what organisms?

serve as organelles that move water out of the cell for osmotic regulation in protozoans

plamodium species contains what disease that kills hundreds of thousands each year

malaria

plamodium species are apart of what phylum

apicomplexans

what do eukaryotes have the ability to produce similar to endospores in harsh conditions

cysts

endosymbiotic organelles are sometimes lost in what kingdom

protozoa

which protozoans use cilia to move? paramecium, amoeba, or euglena

paramecium

which protozoans use flagellum to move? paramecium, amoeba, or euglena

euglena

which protozoans use pseudopods to move? paramecium, amoeba, or euglena

amoeba

brain eating amoeba is known as what

naegleria fowleri

toxoplasma gondii causes what disease and is transmitted via…

toxoplasmosis transmitted via cat feces or undercooked meat

helminths are parasitic or pathogenic?

parasitic