Test 4: Chapter 15 & 16

Questions from smartbook, connect assignments, quizzes and powerpoint notes

Host defenses can be divided into ___ or inborn, nonspecific protections; and ___ , specific immunities.

innate, acquired

A compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that provides sites for the development of immune cells, and carries out immune surveillance and immune reactions, is the ____ system

lymphatic

Which of the following are considered to be lymphoid organs?

Thymus, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Tonsils

True or false: Lymph is a plasmalike fluid that is formed when components move out of the blood vessels into the extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into lymphatic capillaries.

True

Since lymph is never subjected to high pressure, lymphatic vessels are more similar to thin-walled ____ than to thicker-walled ____ of the circulatory system.

veins, arteries

Which of the following is characteristic of both nonspecific and specific host defenses?

Both involve a leukocyte response

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is

unidirectional, from the extremities toward the heart

The ______ system is a system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for the development of immune cells, immune surveillance, and immune reactions.

lymphatic 

Lymph moves only through the contraction of ____ muscles

skeletal

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the ___ system.

lymphatic

The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the 

thymus

A plasma-like liquid that moves in and out of tissues, containing large numbers of white blood cells but lacking red blood cells, is called

lymph.

Under the influence of hormones in the___ , naive T lymphocytes develop specificity, are released into circulation as mature T cells, and migrate and settle into ___ lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

thymus, secondary

Which two of the following statements regarding lymphatic vessels are correct?

• Lymphatic vessels are prevalent in the hands and feet.

• Lymphatic vessels have thin walls.

The small, bean-shaped organs arranged in clusters along lymphatic channels, containing B and T lymphocytes, are called

lymph nodes

True or false: The flow of lymph is bidirectional.

False

The armpits contain the ___ lymph nodes.

axillary

Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels only through contraction of ___ muscles around lymphatic ducts.

skeletal

The groin contains the ___ lymph nodes.

inguinal

Which organ originates in the embryo as two lobes in the lower neck region, and plays a major role in T-cell maturation?

Thymus

The neck contains the ___ lymph nodes

cervical

Naive T lymphocytes develop specificity and differentiate to mature T cells under the influence of ___

hormones.

A lymphoid organ located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity is the
____

spleen.

Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs, located in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, are called ___ ___

lymph nodes.

True or false: The spleen filters lymph but not blood.

False

Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?

Armpit

Which of the following terms is used to describe the lymphoid tissue associated with mucosal surfaces in the body?

MALT

Where are inguinal lymph nodes located?

Groin

Along with MALT tissue, ____ -associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) and ____ associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) also provide defense against microbes.

skin, gut

Where are cervical lymph nodes located?

In the neck

The tonsils are found in the ___

pharynx

Where is the spleen located?

Upper left abdomen

The acronym GALT stands for ___-associated ___ tissue

gut, lymphoid

Which of the following are functions of the spleen?

• Storing blood that can be released in case of hemorrhage

• Filtering of pathogens from the blood

• Removing worn-out red blood cells from the blood

The liquid consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called

whole blood

Lymphoid tissue associated with mucus-producing tissue surfaces is called ____ -associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT.

mucosa

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma?

Red blood cells

Which of the following are examples of GALT?

• Lacteals

• Peyer's patches

• Appendix

Nonspecific host defenses include all of the following except

antibody production

A ring of tissues in the pharynx that provides an active source of lymphocytes is the

tonsils

Two effective physical barriers to the entry of pathogens are the ____ and the ____ membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

skin, mucous 

What is GALT an acronym for?

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?

Sebum, saliva, and tears

A liquid consisting of blood cells suspended in plasma is called ___ blood

whole

Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense?

• Fever

• Phagocytosis

• Inflammation

• Antimicrobial products

The fluid portion of unclotted blood that remains after cells are removed through settling or centrifugation is called

plasma

The 3 main types of phagocytes are

macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes

True or false: Inborn physical barriers or chemical barriers are nonspecific host defense mechanisms.

true

With respect to inflammation, ___ is latin for warmth

calor

Which of the following is a first line of defense?

skin

True or false: Sebaceous secretions, saliva, and tears all have antimicrobial properties.

true

Acute inflammatory responses last from a few ___ to a few ___

minutes, hours

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism?

Vomiting

Body temperature is regulated by the ___ of the brain

hypothalamus

Identify the three main types of phagocytes.

• Monocytes

• Neutrophils

• Macrophages

A protein produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells, that can target viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells, is

interferon

When referring to the warmth developed during inflammation, the latin word commonly used is

calor

Body temperature is maintained by a control center in the ___ of the brain

hypothalamus

Interferon is a small protein produced by Blank______ that can defend against Blank______.

host cells; viruses and bacteria

One type of vaccine used against SARS-CoV-2 delivers Blank______ in a lipid vesicle, which stimulates production of Blank______ in cells of the recipient.

mRNA; viral S (spike) protein

pecific immunity is the product of a dual system composed of ___ and ___ lymphocytes

B, T

All lymphocytes arise from a common lymphocyte ___ cell

stem

T and B cells undergo their final maturation process in

different tissues

After the development process, mature B and T lymphocytes populate the
___ organs

lymphatic 

One of the new vaccines used combat COVID-19 consists of mRNA that codes for the ____ protein of the virus. The mRNA enters human muscle cells and the nucleic acid is used to produce the viral protein.

spike

Mature B cells and T cells

migrate in and out of lymphoid tissues

Specific immunity is the product of a Blank______ system of Blank______.

dual; B and T lymphocytes

When it encounters a pathogen, a phagocytic cell

ingests the pathogen

During development, B and T lymphocytes arise from

the same basic stem cell type

he multiplication of lymphocytes upon encountering antigen results in production of a(n) ___ , or group of genetically identical cells.

clone

true or false: B cells and T cells undergo final maturation in different locations.

True; B cells mature in special bone marrow sites and T cells mature in the thymus.

T cell maturation is directed by

• hormones

• the thymus gland

After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the lymphatic organs.

True

Human B cells mature in the

bone marrow

Mature B and T lymphocytes migrate in and out of the ___ organs

lymphoid

Each individual mature B and T cell has the capacity to respond to a single, unique 

antigen

When a phagocytic cell encounters pathogens, it ___ them

ingests

An antigen stimulates cell division in ___ that have specific receptors for that antigen.

lymphocytes or clone

Upon encountering antigen, lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting in production of a group of genetically identical cells called 

clones

An important characteristic of a(n) ______ is that it is perceived to be foreign rather than a normal body constituent.

antigen

T cell maturation is directed by the ____ gland and the ___ that it produces.

thymus, hormones

Microbes enter the human body most frequently through the ___ and ___

• respiratory

• gastrointestinal

In humans, B-cell maturation occurs in the 

bone marrow

An antigen- __________ cell ingests and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface in complexes with MHC markers.

presenting 

To which of the following does each individual mature B and T cell have the capacity to respond?

A single unique antigen

Like B cells, T cells also form ___ cells which can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen.

memory

Which cells carry antigen-specific receptors and are stimulated to divide when antigens bind to those receptors?

B and T cells

Most B cells must interact with T ___ cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional.

helper

One important characteristic of an antigen is that it must be perceived as ____ , meaning that it is not a normal constituent of the body.

foreign

In cell-mediated immunity

activated T cells respond to antigen

Microbes enter the body most frequently through the ___ tract or the ____ tract

respiratory, gastrointestinal

HIV infection is characterized by a significant reduction in the number of T
__ cells

helper

Antigen-presenting cells ___ the antigen-carrying microbe, degrade it and pass its ___ back out onto their membranes, complexed with MHC markers. 

ingest; antigens

Which of the following is NOT a function of Regulatory T cells? 

Destruction of virus infected cells

______ can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen.

Memory T cells

Cytotoxicity is the ability for this type of lymphocyte to kill specific target cells, such as cancer cells.

T cell

Most B cells must interact with cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional. What type of cell would this be?

T helper cell

In which of the following ways are gamma-delta T cells the same as other T cells?

• They have T cell receptors that recognize a range of antigens.

• They produce memory cells when activated.

Cell-mediated immunity is based on the activation of ___ cells

T

A type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells is a(n) ___ ___ cell, but with a major difference in lacking specificity for antigens.

natural killer