Chapter 13 Albert Bandura

What is observational learning?

Learning by observing other peoples behaviors

If you watch someone do something, you will want to do it

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Observing the behavior of others in the consequences of that behavior

It’s indirect reinforcement

Example. Watching someone get rewarded/reinforced so you want to do it to get rewarded

What is the Bobo doll experiment?

Children, watching adult attack the doll and modeled the violent behavior when Left alone with the

The other children watched a nice video and they played nice

The children were twice as violent than the children who did not see the attack

What does the doll experiment do?

It demonstrates modeling disinhibition

What is modeling?

Observing the behavior of a model and repeating the behavior

What is disinhibition?

Explanation of imitation

Weakening of inhibitions by observing the behavior of a model. All might have a little violence, but we don’t do it because of inhibitions(Social norms) Watching someone lowers the inhibitions

Characteristics of modeling situation

Models

People follow someone that is

Similar to you

Age And sex - Men in adult more or own age

Status-Parents, Professor, Someone associated with a good institution

Type of behavior displayed-Only something you can do

Size and weight-Who looks thinner?

Characteristics of the modeling situation

Observers

Age-Children more likely to imitate

Attributes(Personality)-More likely in low self-esteem

Characteristics of the modeling situation

Reward consequences of behavior

Affects the Extent of modeling-If you get rewarded

Prevails over characteristics of models and observers

Process of observational learning Steps

Attentional process

Retention process

Production process

Incentive and motivational process

Attentional process

Pay attention to models to know how to do it

Example. Staying awake during drivers education class

Retention process

Remember what it is about

Example. Taking notes on the lecture material or video of the person driving car

Production process

Trying to do it

Example. Getting in a car with an instructor to practice, shifting gears and dodging the traffic cones in the school parking lot

Incentive and motivational processes

Perceiving that the models behavior lead to a reward, and thus expecting that our learning and successful performance

Example. Expecting that when we have skills, we will pass the state test and receive a drivers license or have freedom

Incentive and motivational processes influenced by

The anticipation of reinforcement

Although reinforcement is not always necessary

Self reinforcement

Administering rewards or punishments to self based on personal standards

Failure to unrealistic standards Causes emotional punishment and destructive behavior

Past behavior may become a reference for behavior and an incentive for performance in the future-You do not reflect on past behavior

Self efficacy

Low and high

Feeling Competent believing you can do it

Low self efficacy leads to feeling helpless, giving up quickly and self doubt

People with high self efficacy, believe that they can overcome obstacles. Persevere have reduced Fear of failure and have increased abilities

Source of info about self efficacy

Performance attainment-Prior achievement or failures - Good; Raise you. Bad; Lower you

Vicarious experiences - seeing other successful performance or failures; Watching someone succeed or fail, you feel the same

Verbal persuasion-Reminding people of their abilities; You got this, You can do this

Psychological and emotional arousal-Being composed can lead to self efficacy-Nervous and getting known

Ways of increasing self efficacy

Exposing people to success experiences by arranging reachable goals

Exposing people to appropriate models who perform successfully

Providing verbal persuasion

Strengthening physiological arousal through proper diet, stress, reduction, and exercise programs. Try to calm them down.

Developmental stages of self efficacy

Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Old age

Developmental stages of self efficacy

Childhood

Try to exercise greater influence over their physical and social environments-Less on parent and start doing things on their own

Parental influence diminishes overtim

Developmental stages of self efficacy

Adolescence

Transitional time

Success depends on the level of self efficacy formed in early years

Involves coping with new Demand due to transitions-School work

Developmental stages of self efficacy

Adulthood

Young adult hood. Involves adjusting to new experiences during the middle years people reevaluate their careers and family and social lives.

Enhance by looking back

Developmental stages of self efficacy

Old age

Reassessments are difficult-Not a lot, you can lean on not a lot of change

Self efficacy, physical, and mental functioning

High self efficacy-Live and healthy life

Behavior modification goal

To modify learn behaviors considered undesirable by society

Behavior, modification forms of behavior therapy used to deal with fears and phobias

Modeling-Exposure; Showing someone else do it

Example-Someone Playing with dogs

Guided participation-Starts with modeling then invite patient in

Example-Other playing with patient to come in

Covert modeling-Don’t need actual thing have them imagine

Example-Imagine someone playing with dogs change person to the patient

Behavior modification

What can be treated through modeling approach?

Anxiety

Used to treat fear of medical treatment and test anxiety

Behavior modification

Ethical issues

Critic suggest that the clients are manipulated exploited and controlled without their consent

Bandura Argues that you aren’t going to get them to do it without permission people come to him to change

Advantages of modeling therapy

Complex behaviors are seen holy by having models do it

Saves time and money

Can be used with groups

Effective with phobias, obsessive, compulsive disorders and sexual dysfunction

Reciprocal determinism

Behaviors controlled by-

1.The individual through a cognitive process(Thoughts)

2.Environment through external social stimulus events

Can be controlled by each other

goes in all different different directions

Assessment in Banduras Theory

Focused on cognitive variables and over behaviors

Techniques-

Direct observation

Self report inventories-Questions about thoughts and expectations would simply ask

Physiological measurements

Research on self efficacy

Men’s score higher than women and self efficacy when younger

Self efficacy increases into adulthood peaks in middle age declines after age 60

Those whose parents scored high in parent, self efficacy were high self efficacy

Those whose parents were high and self-efficacy did veterans school and had less anxiety and fewer behavior problems

Self efficacy is higher in individual cultures

Self efficacy earned better grades in school

Higher career goals

Tolerate pain in recover faster

Or less likely to drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes

Less likely to experience, depression, anxiety, stress, or neurotic

Score higher and self-esteem they feel good about themselves

Banderas criticisms

Focuses on over behavior and ignores human aspect of personality not a lot on cognitions

Treat the symptom and not the cause of behavior modification

Is something is wrong and only fix the problem not the overall problem

Banderas contributions

Objective and amenable to laboratory methods a lot of support

Survived a great deal of empirical support

Observational, learning and behavior modification are pragmatic and functional

Role models can be applied to resolution problems