Nervous System - Lecture 2

Dura Mater

Outer layer, between this layer and bone there is epidural space

Arachnoid Mater

arachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid flows

Pia Mater

Inner layer with blood vessels and nerve

What is Hydrocephalus and what is it caused by?

Excess CSF in the ventricles due to blockage that prevents CSF from flowing into arachnoid space 

Why is hydrocephalus life threatening for adults? And what procedure is done?

Adults lack fontanels so the condition can quickly become life threatening. Surgeon drills hole to release CSF and relieve pressure on the brain

What do infants have that allows the skull to bulge during hydrocephalus?

Fontanel Gaps

What is Cerebrovascular accident and what is it caused by?

Death of brain tissue that occurs when blood flow is obstructed by clots, atherosclerosis and intracerebral hemorrage 

What is transient ischemic attack and what is it caused by?

Temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by partially obstructed blood flow.

How long do transient ischemic attack episodes last for and are the symtoms?

5-10 minutes

Symptoms of transient ischeimc attack (TIA) and Cerebrovascular accident (CVA or Stroke) 

Slurred speech, droooping of one side of face, dizziness, weakness, numbness

What brain condition is an early warning sign for a stroke?

Transient ischemic attack

What causes alzheimer’s disease?

genetic, environmental, structural abnormalities of brain such as plaques or tangles and loss of neurons

What are early symptoms of alzheimers?

forgetting recent events, repeating questions, becoming confused or lost. Death may occur due to pneumonia. Patients are bedridden and cannot take care of their basic needs

Cerebrum

processes sensory information; integrates intelligence, memory and personality 

Thalamus

relays sensory impulses to cerebrum

Hypothalamus

regulates body temperature, autonomic systems, eating and drinking

Epithalamus

Pineal gland involved with sleep and melatonin

What parts of the brain are part of the Diencephalon region?

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

Function of cerebellum

coordinates movement, posture, and balance

function of midbrain 

relays motor output from cerebrum

function of pons

relays impulses between cerebral halves

function of medulla oblongata

relays impulses between brain and spinal cord

I. Olfactory

Smell

II. Optic

vision

III. Oculomotor

Eye, lens movement

IV. Trochlear

Eyeball movement

V. Trigeminal

Touch, pain, jaw movement

VI. Abducens

Eyeball Movement

VII. Facial

Taste, touch, pain, tears

VII. Vestibulocochlear 

Hearing, balance

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Taste, touch, swallowing

X. Vagus

Taste, blood pressure, heart rate

XI. Accessory 

head and shoulder movement 

XII. Hypoglossal

Speech, swallowing

Anosmia 

Loss of sense of smell due to injury or infection, including the olfactory nerve 

If there is damage to the olfactory nerve what condition occurs?

Anosmia - loss of sense of smell

Anopia

blindness of defect of eyes may occur form damage to optic nerves

If there is damage to the optic nerve what condition occurs?

Anopia - blindess

Strabismus

Both eyes do not fix on the same object at the same time

If there is damage to the oculomotor nerve what condition occurs?

Strabismus - both eyes do not fix on the same object at the same time 

Bell’s Palsy

Paralysis of facial muscles due to infection of facial nerves

If there is damage to the facial nerve what condition occurs

Bell’s palsy - paralysis of facial muscles

Vertigo

dizzy feelings are caused by vestibulocochlear

if there is damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve what condition occurs?

Vertigo - dizzy feelings

Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing due to glossopharyngeal or vagus nerve damage

If there is damage to the glossopharyngeal or vagus nerve what condition occurs?

Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing

what nerves influence the pharyngeal (gag reflex)

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

What is pharyngeal (gag) reflex?

reflex that prevents choking by rapidly contracting pharyngeal muscles at the back of throat

II.

Optic - Vision 

III.

Oculomotor - Lens, eyeball movement

V.

Trigeminal - Eyeball movement 

IV.

Trochlear - eyeball movement 

VI.

Abducens - Eyeball movement

VII.

Facial - taste, touch, pain, tears

VIII.

vestibulocochlear - hearing, balance

IX.

Glossopharyngeal - taste, touch, swallowing

X

Vagus - Taste, blood pressure, heart rate

XI.

Hypoglossal - speech, swallowing 

XII.

Accessory - Head and Shoulder Movement