cellular energy

chlorophyll

the primary light-absorbing pigment molecule in many photosynthetic organisms

stoma

the pores in the cuticle of a plant through which gas exchange occurs

Calvin Cycle(light independent reactions)

second part of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is used to make sugars

cellular respiration

the process that makes ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present

Epidermis

the outermost layer of cells that prevents dehydration and produces the cuticle in terrestrial plants

Chloroplast

the organelle where solar energy is converted into chemical energy

Cuticle

a waxy layer on plants that holds in moisture

mesophyll cells

the parts of the photosynthetic tissue in the middle section of a leaf where photosynthesis occurs

Granum

stack of thylakoids inside the chloroplast

guard cells

the parts of a plant that control the opening and closing of the stoma in a leaf

light-dependent reactions

the part of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed by pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane

ADP

low-energy molecule that can be converted to a high energy molecule through the reactions of cellular respiration

photon

a particle of light that moves in a wave and contains a particular amount of energy

Pigment

a molecule that can absorb particular wavelengths of light

Photosynthesis

the chemical process where carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugar molecules and oxygen using light energy

Photo system

a group of light absorbing pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane that capture and transfer energy

light-independent reactions(Calvin cycle)

the second part of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is used to make sugars

thylakoid

a membrane-bound structure inside of a chloroplast that contains pigment molecules

Stroma

the fluid-filled compartment outside the thylakoids

ATP

a high-energy molecule that is the energy currency of the cell

chemical reactants

process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

Reactants

the substances changed during a chemical reaction

bond energy

the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms

equilibrium

condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate

activation energy

the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reactants to start

exothermic

chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs

endothermic

chemical reactants absorbs more energy than it releases

catalyst

a substance that decreases that activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and as a result also increases the rate of the chemical reaction

enzymes

protein that catalyzes chemical reaction for organisms

substrates

the specific reactants that an enzyme acts on

products

the substances made by a chemical reaction

cellular respiration

the process that releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

aerobic

a process in which oxygen is needed in order for it to take place

glycolysis

splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP

anaerobic

a process in which oxygen is not needed in order to take place

Krebs cycle

produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration

fermentation

an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue

lactic acid

the process which causes your muscles to burn durning hard exercise