Health promotion FINAL

theory

ACCOUNTS FOR THE ACTIONS PEOPLE TAKE
TO PROMOTE HEALTH

MODEL

A FRAMEWORK THAT GUIDES PROGRAM
CREATION AND EVALUATION

ACA

Affordable Care Act 2010

made preventive care available, extended health care coverage of US citizens

covers charges of preventive care (cancer screenings blood pressure)

determinates of health

factors that impact or infuence an individuals’s health.

biology and genetics

social and physical factors

health services

policies

individuals behaviors

Non-modifiable vs modifiable

Non-modifiable - risk factors that can not be changed through his or her own actions AGE, GENDER

modifiable- risk factors that can be changed be his or her behaviors PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EATING

1960s-2000s

Blue collar turned to white collar

sedentary jobs became more common

social ecological model of planning

a model based on the interpersonal relationships of human beings and their environments, recognizing that within the environment there are physical, social, economic, and cultural forces that have the potential to alter health outcomes

Precede- proceed model

a nine phase model, using an ecological approach, applied in health promotion program planning

GOLD standard

CDCynergy

a planning model developed by the CDC, that emphasizes marketing and business communication concepts that include population feedback, segmentation principles, and target communication strategies.

MAP IT

Mobilize

assess

plan

implement

track

framework for implementing and evaluating programs. Healthy people 2020

social cognitive theory

theoretical model that frames individual behavior as a response to observational learning from the surrounding environment

Constructs:

knowledge of health risk and benefits

perceived self-efficacy

outcome expectations

perceptions of facilitations and barriers

self-efficacy

an individuals perception of his or her capability to execute a course of action necessary to achieve a goal

MAIN contributing factor of change

Transtheoretical model or stages of change model

describes health behaviors as a process characterized by stages of readiness to change

pre-contemplation

contemplation

preparation

action

maintenance

Termination/relapse

Health belief model

characterized by value expectancy theories, which explain that behavior is influenced by values and expectations

Educate individual on negative effects of behavior

Construct:

perceived susceptibility: ONEs belief that they will experience neg effects

perceived severity: ones belief about seriousness of negative outcomes

perceived benefits: ones belief that behavior change will result in pos outcomes

perceived barriers: ones belief about neg impact- cost-convience

que to action- trigger that motivates one to make a change

primary prevention

aims to prevent the disease from occuring

secondary prevention

used after the disease has occurred but before the person notices that anything is wrong.

can prevent it from getting worse

tertiary prevention

targets the person who already has symptoms of the disease. Aim to slow progression

What is not a health risk of using tobacco?

syphilis

health promotion

mostly primary prevention

lifestyle, environment, policy

effective HP construct

assess

design/plan

implement

evaluate

• identifying target is vital

life expectancy

the average period that a person may expect to live. At a given period.

non communicable disease

a group of chronic diseases that are not transmitted from person to person through infectious agents.

CVD Cancer pulmonary disease

why has cvd risen over the last 50 years

increasing rates of obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, and uncontrolled diabetes

demographics of smoking as a behavior

men

15-40

low Social economic status

low education

what happened in 2009

tobacco control act- policies that limited youth access to tobcco.

What are the recommended activity levels?

(18-64) for adults; 150 minutes of moderate intensity OR 75 minutes of vigorous intensity per week.

muscle strengthening two or more days per week

children and older adults (65+) less intense

What are the functions of the Autonomic nervous system?

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

Sympathetic nervous system

prepares the body for "fight or flight" situations by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, while also inhibiting digestion and mobilizing energy stores

parasympathetic nervous system

paramedics- conserving energy and maintaining normal bodily functions during rest and relaxation, including slowing the heart rate, promoting digestion, and constricting pupils. 

Parts of endocrine system

glands that make hormones

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas

Exercise vs Physical activity

Physical Activity: 

• Any bodily movement that requires energy expenditure.

• Includes activities such as walking, gardening, taking the stairs, and doing housework.

• Focuses on general movement and health benefits. 

Exercise: 

• A structured, planned, and repetitive form of physical activity. 

• Involves activities such as running, weightlifting, swimming, and dancing. 

• Aims to improve or maintain physical fitness, such as strength, endurance, and flexibility. 

Types of physical activity

aerobic/endurance

anaerobic/strengthening

dynamic/sports

stretching/flexibility

leisure-time activity

% of people that meet or do not meet rec. activity levels?

80% of adults and adolescents do not meet recommendations for activity

what was established by the ACA to allocate funds for local public health programs?

Prevention and public health fund

influeneces on eating behaviors

Taste

emotion

price

convenience

health

culture/familiarity

environment

marketing

roles of neurotransmitters. Where are they housed and made?

Neurotransmitters, chemical messengers in the nervous system, carry signals between nerve cells (neurons) and other cells. They are housed in synaptic vesicles within the axon terminal of a neuron and are synthesized in the cell body (soma) or the axon terminal

Refined Carbohydrates

simple sugars and processed grains that have been stripped of their fiber, vitamins, and minerals during processing

ex: White bread, Pasta, Cereals, Sugary drinks, Fruit juice, White rice, Cookies, cakes, and pastries, and Crackers

Fitness Boom

the surge in popularity of physical fitness and exercise, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s

24% OF ADULTS MET PA GUIDELINES IN 1990; 26% IN 2000; 33% IN 2008

how many adults experience a mental disorder in a year?

1 in 4 adults

How often are dietary guidelines updated?

every 5 years

USPSTF grading system

A- THE USPSTF RECOMMENDS THE SERVICE. THERE IS HIGH CERTAINTY THAT THE NET BENEFIT IS SUBSTANTIAL.

B- THE USPSTF RECOMMENDS THE SERVICE. THERE IS HIGH CERTAINTY THAT THE NET BENEFIT IS MODERATE, OR THERE IS MODERATE CERTAINTY THAT THE NET BENEFIT IS
MODERATE TO SUBSTANTIAL.

C-NOTE: THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT IS UNDERGOING REVISION.
CLINICIANS MAY PROVIDE THIS SERVICE TO SELECTED PATIENTS DEPENDING ON INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES. HOWEVER, FOR MOST INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT SIGNS OR
SYMPTOMS THERE IS LIKELY TO BE ONLY A SMALL BENEFIT FROM THIS SERVICE.

D- THE USPSTF RECOMMENDS AGAINST THE SERVICE. THERE IS MODERATE OR HIGH CERTAINTY THAT THE SERVICE HAS NO NET BENEFIT OR THAT THE HARMS OUTWEIGH THE
BENEFITS

T/F common clinical preventive services include CT scans and MRI’s

FALSE

T/F More than 1/3 adults with diagnosed mental disorder receive mental health services

FALSE

T/F Leisure activity is considered physical activity

TRUE

T/F exercise and physical activity are the same

FALSE

T/F less than ½ of current jobs (2010 #’s) require physical activity compared to the 1950’s.

TRUE

Whats the difference of policy and procedure

A policy is a broad, high-level statement of an organization's guiding principles and objectives, while a procedure is a specific, step-by-step guide on how to implement those policies. 

equality vs Equity

equity, which focuses on fairness and justice, recognizes that individuals have different needs and circumstances, while quality aims for a standard of excellence, often measured by outcomes

explain Flight or Fight response- physiologically

NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS ACTIVATE THE
BODY TO REACT AND BRING ABOUT HOMEOSTASIS
• INCREASED HEART RATE, BLOOD REDIRECTED TO
LIMBS, PERSPIRATION INCREASES, ETC.
• WHEN STRESSORS ARE ONLY MENTAL WITH NO
PHYSICAL OUTLET, TOXIC ENVIRONMENT IS CREATED
• CORTISOL CAN CAUSE VISCERAL FAT ACCUMULATION
• IMMUNE SYSTEM BECOMES SUPPRESSED

3 neurotransmitters and their job- what do they do physiology

• Acetylcholine: Plays a role in muscle contraction, memory, and attention. 

• Dopamine: Involved in reward, motivation, and motor control. 

• Serotonin: Involved in mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and other functions. 

• Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline): Plays a role in the "fight-or-flight" response, alertness, and mood. 

Two ways to manage mental health

• Maintain a healthy diet: Focus on nutrient-rich foods and limit processed foods, caffeine, and alcohol. 

• Engage in regular physical activity: Exercise releases endorphins, which can improve mood and reduce stress. 

What organization provides information for HEART DISEASE AND STROKE
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

AHA- american heart association

10th leading cause of death in US

suicide

Average yearly health cost in US

$10,000