SCI2234Sp25 FinalExam

The source of the Sun's energy is ________.

nuclear fusion

All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________.

assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?

selectron

Widely spaced isobars often indicate ________.

light winds

Isobars are lines on a weather map representing what?

lines of equal air pressure

Igneous rock is formed ________.

by crystallization of magma

Why is the Santa Ana wind a danger signal in southern California?

It is a warm, dry wind that can quickly dry out brushlands and spread fires.

You take a block of granite and heat it to 1000 degrees Kelvin, and it glows bright red. If you then heat it to 1200 Kelvin, how might it look different?

It would be brighter and more white.

Be is to Mg as ________.

K is to Rb

What is the difference between "magma" and "lava"?

It is just a name change, and lava is what magma is called if it reaches the surface of the Earth.

Which color stars have the highest surface temperature?

Blue

Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?

porphyritic

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?

diamond

Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature?

Red

________ are small, extraterrestrial particles that glow brightly and burn up as they travel through Earth's atmosphere.

Meteoroids

Hydrogen "burning" in stars is _______

an atomic reaction that fuses 4 protons to make a helium nucleus, releasing energy by converting mass to energy

Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture.

glassy

What fuel is the source of energy from the Sun?

hydrogen

The bond between sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) to form halite (salt) is a(n) ________ bond.

ionic

Air may best be described as ________.

a mixture

Ozone is important to humans because it ________.

absorbs ultraviolet radiation with is harmful to humans

A naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically is a(n) ________.

ore

The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is ________.

marble

Carbonates always include ________.

CO3-2

Which of the following gases is an efficient absorber of the earth's emitted energy?

carbon dioxide

Why are boulders not a mineral?

They do not have a well-defined chemical composition.

________ refers to the bright head of a comet.

coma

The largest known volcano in the solar system is ________.

Olympus Mons on Mars

Which one of the following statements is believed to be true of comets?

They have highly elliptical orbits around the Sun.

Most of the mass in the solar system is contained ________.

 

in the sun

Atoms that share electrons have a(n) ________ bond.

covalent

In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

Saturn is famous for its rings. Which of the following Jovian planets does not have rings?

None, all of the Jovian planets have rings

Which of the following is not a Jovian planet?

Pluto

When sand lithifies, the resulting rock is commonly called ________.

sandstone

What is a popular theory for the difference in atmospheres of the Jovian planets versus terrestrial planets?

High temperatures and solar wind in the inner planets allowed most of the volatiles to be driven off the terrestrial planets, but not the Jovian planets.

Which electrons are responsible for most chemical bonding?

outer electron shell because these electrons can be readily exchanged with adjacent atoms

The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the earth's interior.

outer core

If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26°C and the minimum temperature is 14°C, the daily mean would be ________.

20°C

The heat transfer mechanism that requires the movement of material is ________.

convection

What is the ideal way, if cost is no object, for a telescope to avoid atmospheric disturbance?

Place it in space

When water vapor condenses to form clouds, ________.

the air gets warmer

If a yellow star is moving away from us very rapidly, what color will it appear to be?

reddish orange

Clouds are classified on the basis of their ________.

form and height

As you go up in elevation, the temperature ________.

It depends on what atmospheric layer you are in.

To determine whether a celestial body is approaching or receding from Earth, astronomers employ ________.

the Doppler principle

Which of the following cloud types is most commonly associated with precipitation?

nimbostratus

Which science is not used within the Earth sciences?

None of the above; Earth Science makes use of all Biology, Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry

The term ________ is used to describe the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, without passing through the liquid state.

sublimation

A wintertime form of precipitation that consists of small ice particles is called ________.

sleet

What is the source of the energy that powers the Earth system?

heat from Earth's interior and the sun

Tsunamis and earthquakes have killed millions of people during human history. What branch of the Earth sciences is the main group that studies these phenomena?

Geology

Important weather phenomena typically occurs in the ________.

troposphere

Comets are made up primarily of ________.

frozen water, carbon dioxide, and methane

The exchange of energy between the surface of the earth, the atmosphere, and space causes ________.

weather