G Chem Ch 3

What is nano?

n

10^-9

What is micro?

mu

10^-6

What is milli?

m

10^-3

What is centi?

c

10^-2

What is kilo?

k

10³

What is mega?

M

10^6

What is the relationship between liters and cubic meters? Cubic centimeters? Ml to cm³?

1000 L = 1 m³

1 L = 1000 cm³

1 mL = 1 cm³

What is the relationship between mL, cm³, and cubic centimeter?

1 mL = 1 cm³ = 1 cc

What is an angstrom?

Unit of length (A with a circle on top)

10^-10 m

What is density?

p = mass/volume

What is the empirical formula?

Formula in terms of ratio of atoms

Ex: C6H12O6 → CH2O

What is ammonium?

NH₄⁺

What is hydronium?

H₃O⁺

What is acetate (AcO -)?

CH₃CO₂^-

What is bicarbonate?

HCO₃^-

What is cyanide?

CN^-

What is hydroxide?

OH^-

What is nitrate?

NO₃^-

What is nitrite?

NO₂^-

What is perchlorate?

ClO₄^-

What is carbonate?

CO₃^2-

What is sulfate?

SO₄^2-

What is sulfite?

SO₃^-

What is phosphate?

PO₄^3-

What is Avogadro's number?

6.02 × 10^(23)

Number of molecules in one mole

How do you find moles given mass and molecular weight?

moles = mass (g)/molecular weight

What is molarity?

M

# moles solute/# Liters solution

What is the mole fraction?

mole fraction of X = # moles of substance X/ total # moles in solution

What are the four phases?

solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous (aq)

What is a catalyst?

Something that speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering activation energy and stabilizing transition state

Represented by delta over the arrow

What is an oxidation state?

Indication of how electrons are shared in compounds

Ex: in NaCl, Na has an oxidation state of +1 because it gives an electron to Cl

How do you assign oxidation states (7 rules)?

1. Oxidation state of any element in standard state is zero

2. Sum of oxidation states in a neutral molecule will be zero; sum of oxidation states of an ion equal to its charge

3. Group 1 metals have +1 oxidation state, group 2 have +2

4. Flourine has -1 oxidation state

5. Hydrogen has +1 oxidation state in most compounds (if it is bound to a metal, it is -1)

6. Oxygen has a -2 oxidation state

7. Halogens have a -1 oxidation state, and atoms of oxygen family have -2