AP2 Ch28 Reproductive System (Female)

ovary

small bumpy almond shaped organ near the lateral walls of pelvic cavity; divided into cortex and

• produces oocytes

• secretes female gametes (produced in cortex) and inhibin

ovarian ligament

ligament that extends from uterus to medial surface of ovary

suspensory ligament

ligament that extends from the ovary’s lateral surface to the uterine wall and contains the ovary’s major blood vessels

tunica albuginea

visceral peritoneum that covers each ovary

oogenesis

ovum (egg) production; begins at birth, accelerates at puberty, ends at menopause

oogonica

produces daughter cells called primary oocytes

primary oocytes

cells that proceed only to the prophase of meiosis I and halt until female reaches puberty; at puberty, FSH is released, which triggers ovarian cycle

• located in egg nest clusters

• each one is surrounded by a simple squamous layer of follicular cells

  • this + follicular cell - primordial follicle

2 million; 400000

Each female is born with ~__ _____ follicles (each containing a primary oocyte); by puberty, it is reduced to ~_____.

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atresia

egg degeneration at menopause

ovarian follicles

structures in which the oocyte grows and meiosis I occurs

ovarian cycle

starts at puberty; each month, a different group of primary follicles is activated

1; primary follicles

step __/6 of ovarian cycle: formation of _____ _____

FSH stimulates primordial follicles, causing it to develop into primary follicles.

2; secondary follicles

step __/6 of ovarian cycle: formation of _____ _____

Follicle wall thickens and follicular fluid is produced, causing expansion and division of inner and outer layers of follicle, now known as a secondary follicle.

3; tertiary follicle

step __/6 of ovarian cycle: formation of _____ _____ (aka mature Graafian follicle)

Occurs between 10th and 14th day of cycle. LH levels increase, causing oocyte to complete meiosis I, but stops after completing meiosis II (metaphase).

4; ovulation

step __/6 of ovarian cycle: _____

Tertiary follicle releases the secondary oocyte. The follicular wall bursts, allowing the secondary oocyte to be released, It is then moved by ciliated epithelium tissue to the uterine tube.

5; corpus luteum

step __/6 of ovarian cycle: formation of _____ _____

The empty tertiary follicle collapses and the remaining granulosa cells create the corpus luteum due to LH. The corpus luteum produces hormones called progestins, which prepare the uterus wall for pregnancy.

6; corpus luteum

step __/6 of ovarian cycle: degeneration of _____ _____

Corpus luteum begins to degenerate 10-12 days after ovulation if fertilization does not occur. Progesterone and estrogen levels decrease and fibroblasts destroy the corpus luteum, leaving scar tissue called corpus albicans; this marks the end of the ovarian cycle.

uterine tubes

~5” in length and is divided into three segments: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

• oocyte is moved through and out of this by ciliated epithelial cells and peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle in uterus walls

infundibulum

uterine tube segment: end closest to the ovary that forms an expanded tunnel that contains fimbriae (fingerlike projections); lined with ciliated epithelia cells that beat towards the ampulla

ampulla

uterine tube segment: middle layer of the uterine tube

isthmus

uterine tube segment: short segment connected to uterine wall

3-4 days

How long does it take for oocyte to travel from infundibulum to uterine cavity?

12-24 hours; ampulla; isthmus

Oocyte must encounter sperm between the first __-__ hours of its passage, and normally occurs between the _____ and _____.

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uterus

divided into the body and cervix; wall is ~0.5” thick and consists of perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium; stabilized by 4 pairs of ligaments: broad, uterosacral ligament, round, lateral

broad ligament

uterus ligament: restricts lateral movement of uterus

uterosacral ligament

uterus ligament: restricts inferior and anterior movement of uterus

round ligament

uterus ligament: restricts posterior movement of uterus

lateral ligament

uterus ligament: restricts inferior movement of the uterus; aka Cardinal ligament

cervical os

opening surrounded by the cervix, leads to the vagina

perimetrium

uterine wall layer: incomplete serosa layer

myometrium

uterine wall layer: consists of smooth muscle that assists in ejection of the fetus from the uterus and into vagina at childbirth

endometrium

uterine wall layer: consists of two zones; basilar zone (outer layer) which is adjacent to the myometrium and the functional zone (inner layer) which is the layer closest to uterine cavity

1; menses

step __/3 of uterine cycle: _____

Functional zone is degenerated. Spiral arteries constrict, which reduces bloodflow to area causing reduction of oxygen and nutrients. Arteries finally rupture and dying tissue in area is sloughed off. Endometrial sloughing is called menstration and lasts from 1-7 days.

2; proliferative phase

step __/3 of uterine cycle: _____ _____

Epithelial cells of the basilar zone starts to restore the functional zone.

secretory phase

step __/3 of uterine cycle: _____ _____

Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate secretion and growth. Spiral arteries grown and spiral through the functional zone. This phase lasts as long as corpus luteum remains intact.

basilar zone

endometrium zone: attaches endometrium to myometrium; no change; straight arteries provide blood to this zone.

functional zone

endometrium zone: area that changes during the menstrual cycle; spiral arteries provide blood to this zone

endometriosis

condition where the endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus due to unknown causes; can cause bleeding, pain and infertility and treatment may include surgery or hormone therapy

menarche

first menstrual cycle; occurs approximately 11-12 years of age

menopause

last menstrual cycle; occurs approximately 45-55 years of age

amenorrhea

failure to initiate menses for longer than 6 months due to developmental problems, genetics, or malnutrition

vagina

muscular tube located between the cervix and the vestibule; ~3.5” in length; low pH; 3 functions:

• serves as passageway for elimination of menstrual fluid

• receives the penis and holds sperm prior to passage to uterus

• forms part of the birth canal which fetus passes during delivery

hymen

blocks entrance to vagina prior to initial sexual encounter

vulva (pudendum)

area containing the external genitalia

urethral opening

opening anterior to vagina opening

clitoris

projects into the vestibule and contains erectile tissue that enlarges during sexual arousal; covered by hood called prepuce

lesser vestibular (Bartholins) glands

glands that discharge secretions into vestibule during sexual arousal

labia majora

folds on skin that surrounds the labia minora

mons pubis

creates a bulge at crotch due to adipose tissue

mammary glands

glands that provide milk production (lactation); its glandular tissue consists of secretory lobes, and ducts that leave them converge at a single lactiferous duct

lactiferous duct

ducts that expand as lactiferous sinuses near each nipple to eject milk

areola

more pigmented skin surrounding each nipple

sterilization

surgical procedure that can be performed on males or females

vasectomy

segment of ductus deferens is removed, preventing sperm from passing from epididymis to penis

tubal ligation

a segment of the uterine tubes are cut and tied off, separating uterine tube from uterus so egg cannot travel through this region

estrogen; GnRH

During childhood, the ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of _____ that inhibit the release of _____ until puberty when the latter starts to be released in a rhythmic manner.

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GnRH; FSH and LH; FSH and LH; estrogen; FSH and LH; GnRH; estrogen; LH; progesterone and estrogen; LH and FSH; LH; estrogen and progesterone

hormonal interactions during the ovarian cycle:

1. On day 1 of the cycle, levels of _____ rise and stimulate production of _____ and _____.

2. _____ and _____ stimulate follicle growth and _____ secretion.

3. Rising levels of _____ exert negative feedback, inhibiting release of _____ and _____ by _____.

4. _____ exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary, resulting in a burst of _____, triggering ovulation and transforming the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum.

5. Rising levels of _____ and _____ exert a negative feedback on _____ and _____ release.

6. _____ levels fall and luteal activity ends; the corpus luteum degenerates, dropping the levels of _____ and _____, and the cycle starts again.

   
   

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oogenesis; follicle growth; epiphyses

Rising estrogen levels promote _____ and _____ _____ in the ovary, as well as growth and function of the female reproductive structures. The also cause _____ of long bones to close during puberty.

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progesterone; estrogen

_____ works with _____ to establish and help regulate the uterine cycle, and promotes changes in cervical mucus.

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