OIAN (unit 1)

Upper Trapezius

O:

Upper- external occipital protuberance, medial 1/3 of the superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, + SP of C7

I:

Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle + acromion process of scapula

A:

elevation of the scapula

upward rotation of the scapula

lateral flexion of the cervical spine

OS rotation of the cervical spine + bilateral extension of the head + neck

N: accessory spinal n. (CN. XI)

Middle Trapezius

O: SP of T1-T5

I: Medial margin of the acromion process + the superior lip of the spine of the scapula

A: retraction of the scapula

N: accessory spinal n. (CN. XI)

Lower Trapezius

O: SP of T6-T12

I: tubercle at the apex of the spine of the scapula

A: depression of the scapula

upward rotation of the scapula

accessory muscle of respiration

N: accessory spinal n.

*force couple with upper trapezius to upwardly rotate scapula when contracting together

Rhomboid minor

O: ligamentum nuchae + SP C7 + T1

I: Medial border at the root of the spine of the scapula

A: retraction of scapula

elevation of scapula

downward rotation of scapula

N: dorsal scapular n. (C4, C5)

Rhomboid major

O: SP of T2-T5

I: Fibrous attachment to the medial border of the scapula between the spine + inferior angle

A: retraction of scapula

elevation of scapula

downward rotation of scapula

N: Dorsal scapular n. (C4, C5)

Latissimus dorsi

O:

1/3 of external lip of iliac crest

thoracolumbar fascia

SP of T6-T12

last 3 or 4 ribs

slip to inferior angle of scapula

I: intertubercular groove of humerus

A:

origin fixed

medial rotation of shoulder

adduction of the shoulder

extension of the shoulder

depression of the shoulder

laterally flexes trunk

insertion fixed

anterior pelvic tilt

lateral pelvic tilt

hyperextends the spine

accessory muscle of respiration

N: thoracodorsal n. (C6, 7, 8)

Levator scapulae

O: transverse processes of C1-C4

I: medial border of scapula between the superior angle + root of spine

A: elevation of the scapula

downward rotation of scapula

extension of the cervical spine

lateral flexion of neck

same side rotation of neck

N: dorsal scapular n. (C4, C5)

cervical C3, C4

Serratus posterior inferior

O: spinous processes T11-L2

I: inferior aspect of ribs 9-12

A: depression of ribs

N: ventral rami, T9-T12

Serratus posterior superior

O: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes C7-T3

I: superior aspect of ribs 2-5

A: elevation of ribs during forced inspiration

N: ventral rami T1-T4

Splenius capitis

O: caudal 1/2 of ligamentum nuchae, SP of C7, SP of T1-T4

I: occipital bone inferior to lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line + mastoid process of temporal bone

A: SS rotation of cervical spine, extension, lateral flexion

N: cervical (dorsal rami)

Splenius cervicis

O: SP of T3-T6 thoracic vertebrae

I: posterior tubercles of C1-C3 vertebrae

A: SS rotation, SS lateral flexion, extension of the cervical spine

N: cervical (dorsal rami)

Iliocostalis cervicis

O: angles of ribs 3-6

I: posterior tubercles of TP C4-C6

A: SS lateral flexion, extension of cervical spine, posture

N: spinal n. (dorsal rami)

Iliocostalis thoracis

O: angles of upper borders of ribs 6-12

I: upper borders of ribs 1-6 + dorsum of TP of C7

A: SS lateral flexion + extension of thoracic spine + draws ribs downwards

N: spinal n. (dorsal rami)

Iliocostalis lumborum

O:

anterior margin of tendon attached to the medial border of the sacrum

posterior part of medial lip of iliac crest

SP of lumbar vertebrae + T11-T12

supraspinous ligament

lateral crest of the sacrum

I: inferior borders of angle of ribs 6-12

A: SS lateral flexion, extension of spine, posture, draw ribs downward

N: spinal n. (dorsal rami)

Longissimus capitis

O: by way of tendons to the TP of T1-T5 and articular processes of C4-C7

I: deep to splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid, on the posterior margin of the mastoid process

A: extension + lateral flexion of the spine and SS rotation of the cervical spine

N: spinal n. (dorsal rami)

Longissimus cervicis

O: by tendons to the TP of T1-T5

I: the posterior tubercles of TP of C2-C6

A: extension + lateral flexion of cervical spine

N: spinal n. (dorsal rami)

Longissimus thoracis

O: fibers blend with iliocostalis lumborum; on the posterior surface of TP + articular facets of lumbar vertebrae + anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia

I: by tendons into the tips of the TP of all thoracic vertebrae + by way of fleshy digitations to the lower 9-11 ribs, between the tubercle and angle of the rib

A: lateral flexion + extension of the spine

N: spinal n. (dorsal rami)

Spinalis thoracis

O: by tendons to the SP of T11-L2

I: SP of T1-T8 (upper 4-8 thoracic vertebrae, variable)

A: extension of the spine

N: spinal n. (dorsal rami)

Semispinalis capitis

O: transverse process of C7-T7 + articular processes of C4-C6

I: between superior + inferior nuchal lines

A: OS rotation of head + extension of the head

N: cervical n. (dorsal rami)

Semispinalis cervicis

O: TP of T1-T6

I: SP of C2-C5

A: OS rotation head + upper thoracic region + extension of the vertebral column

N: cervical nerve (dorsal rami)

Multifidus

Sacral

O: posterior surface of the sacrum

+ medial surface of the posterior iliac spine + postero-sacroiliac ligaments

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar

O: TP of C4-L5

I: SP of vertebrae that spans 2-4 vertebrae higher from origin. from axis (C2) to L5.

A: spine stabilization

OS rotation of vertebral column

extension of vertebral column

same side lateral flexion

N: dorsal rami (spinal n.)

Rotatores

O: transverse process of all vertebrae

I: base of spinous process of vertebrae above the origin.

A: opposite side rotation of spine, extension, + stabilization of the spine

N: dorsal rami (spinal n.)

Interspinales

O: Spinous processes

I: adjacent spinous process

A: aids in extension of the spine

N: dorsal rami, spinal nerve

Intertransversarii

O: Transverse process

I: adjacent transverse process

A: lateral flexion of the spine

N: dorsal rami (spinal nerve)

Levatores costarum

O: TP of C7-T11

I: dorsal surface of the ribs

A: elevation of the ribs during inspiration

N: intercostal n. (ventral rami)

Rectus capitis posterior major

O: spinous process of the axis (C2)

I: lateral part of the inferior nuchal lines

A: extension + side bending

SS rotation from neutral or extended position

OS rotation from a flexed position

N: suboccipital n. (C1)

Rectus capitis posterior minor

O: posterior tubercle on the arch of the atlas

I: medial part of the inferior nuchal line

A: OS rotation, lateral flexion, extension of neck

N: suboccipital n. (C1)

Obliquus capitis superior

O: apex of the transverse process of the atlas

I: between the superior + inferior nuchal lines

A: extension + lateral flexion + OS rotation of cervical spine

N: suboccipital n. (C1)

Obliquus capitis inferior

O: apex of the spinous process of the axis (C2)

I: inferior posterior part of the transverse process of the atlas (C1)

A: SS rotation, extension, lateral flexion of the neck

N: suboccipital n. (C1)

Diaphragm

O:

sternal- internal surface of the xiphoid process

costal- inferior 6 ribs + their costal cartilages

lumbar- lumbar bodies L2-4 + lateral and medial arcuate ligaments

I: central tendon

A: draws the central tendon inferiorly, and allows for expansion of the diaphragm during inspiration