exam 2 marine science

Why does Ice float in water

solid water is less dense than liquid water

T or F, you don’t have to change the temperature to make water a solid or liquid

True, temperature doesn’t equal heat

Salt ___ the density of water

increases

Density of average seawater at 4 degrees C

1.0278 g/cm³

Density of freshwater at 4 degrees C

1.00 g/cm³

T or F, Saltier/colder water sinks in warm/fresher water

True

How does salt affect heating water

The boiling point is elevated

Does salt water freeze?

No, the water rejects the salt so all sea ice is freshwater

Salt water ___ viscosity (thickness)

increases

Salt water ____ conductivity

Increases

PPT

Parts per thousand, g salt/kgH2O

Dissolving ability water

The universal solvent

6 major conservative ions of ocean (99%)

Sodium, Chloride, magnesium, sulfate, calcium, and potassium

Salt formulas

NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4, K2SO4

Transmissions of energy

Conduction, convection, radiation

Refraction

Speed of light is less in water

Residence time

Avg time that a substance remains in a reservoir; V/flow rate

Mechanisms of salt balance

evaporite deposition, adsorption and precipitation, biological activity, chemical and physical ion exchange at tectonic spreading centers

Pycnocline

Layer of rapidly changing density, barrier to vertical mixing.

Dissolved Oxygen is added through:

Atmosphere and photosynthesis

evection does what?

Refreshes water at depth

hypoxic

low DO, 0.2-2mg/L

Anoxic

Very low DO; 0-0.1

Molecules of water

H2O, but also every 10 mL dissociates into H+ and OH-

CO₂ + HOH —→ H2CO3

Carbonic Acid

H2CO3 ——> H+ HCO3-

Bicarbonate

HCO3 ——> H+ +CO3 2-

Carbonate

Ca²⁺ + CO₃^2- —→ CaCO₃

Calcium Carbonate

Most common gas in sea water

Bicarbonate (80%)

Average salt level of the ocean

35 ppt

Conservative constituents

Major dissolved Ions not generally removed/or modified by organisms

Non-conservative constituents

Molecules that are biologically reactive; Gases, nurtients

How does the earths crust affect the ocean

counts for most of the cations in the ocean

Age of the ocean

3.5 Gy

Carbonate buffering

Keeps ocean pH at 8.1

CO₂ + CaCO₃ + H₂O —→

Ca²⁺ + 2HCO₃^-

Nutrients

Non-conservative biolimiting elements

Mjaor inorganic limiting nutrients for phytoplankton growth

nitrogen, phosphorus, etc (ions required for plant growth)

Is sun radiation even?

No

How does salt balance

Evaporation and precipitation

What drives the surplus of heat from the equator to the poles?

convection

structure of the atmosphere

nearly homogenous gas extending 90km above surface (99% lower 30km, 90% 15km)

Troposphere

Lowest layer, temp decreases with altitude

Stratosphere

temp increases with altitude, ozone layer (O3),

Gases in the air

N- 79% O-21% Ar-1%

Temp and density

Low density high temp

Water and density

Low density high humidity

Altitude

Density low high altitude

Greenhouse effect

a natural process that warms the Earth's surface by trapping heat from the sun. It's caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide

Ocean acidification

increasing atmospheric CO₂ levels causes it to be absorbed by the ocean causing the pH to decrease decreasing calcium carbonate (oh no shells)