med micro unit 2 quiz review

Which of the following is an example of natural passive immunity?

1. Vaccines  

2. Antibodies

3. Response to Infection

4. Breastfeeding

5. None of the above

4. Breastfeeding

1. Which of the following is a way that a heightened body temperature helps combat foreign pathogens?

   1. Increases cell metabolism

   2. Causes pathogens to dissolve in the intense heat

   3. Makes liver and spleen retain zinc to hinder bacterial growth

   4. A and C

   5. All of the above

4. A and C
   Increases cell metabolism and Makes liver and spleen retain zinc to hinder bacterial growth

1. Which kind of antibiotic functions by binding to DNA enzymes, prohibiting DNA replication and mitosis

   1. Penicillin  

   2. Erythromycin

   3. Neomycin

   4. Ciprofloxacin 

   5. None of the above

4. Ciprofloxacin

1. What is NOT a way for the cells of the innate immune system to know where to go in the body?

   1. Pain  

   2.  Swelling

   3.  Chemical signals like Histamine

   4.  Widening of blood vessels

   5. None of the above

5. None of the above

1. What is NOT a way antibiotic resistance occurs?

   1. Natural Selection

   2. Gene Transfer

   3.  Mutation

   4. None of the above

4. None of the above

1. Agglutination of soluble molecules typically causes them to…

   1. Become insoluble and precipitate  

   2.  Retain solubility and dissapate

   3.  Break down the antigens that are being agglutinated 

   4.  Clump into smaller molecules for larger chance to be phygocytized

   5. None of the above

A. Become insoluble and precipitate

1. Which of the following is NOT an external defense mechanism of the immune system?

   1. Skin

   2. Mucus

   3. Sweat Glands

   4. Sebum Glands

   5. None of the above

5. None of the above

1. Which of the following are characteristics determining the stimulating of immune response by antigens?

   1. Size

   2. Shape

   3. Complexity

   4. A, B, and C

   5. None of the above

4. A,B,C

Size

Shape

Complexity

1. Which of the answer choices describes why antibiotics are not effective against viruses as with bacteria?

   1. Antibiotics target specific bacterial structures, such as the cell wall and components of protein synthesis, which are absent in viruses due to their capsid structure and reliance on host cell replication

   2. The bacterial-specific processes of DNA replication as well as bacterial cell wall and protein synthesis are compatible with antibiotic resistance, thus, are not applicable to viruses

   3. Viruses have sophisticated efflux pumps that expel antibiotics from their structure, resulting in the ineffectiveness of antibiotics in viral infection

   4. A and B

   5. All of the above

4. A and B

1. Which of the following cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

   1. T Cells 

   2.  Macrophages

   3.  B Cells

   4.  Natural killer cells

   5. None of the above

3. B cells

1. Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

   1. Receiving a vaccine for measles  

   2.  Developing antibodies after recovering from an illness

   3.  A baby acquires antibodies through breast milk

   4.  The production of antibodies by Memory B Cells

   5. None of the above

3. A baby acquires antibodies through breast milk

1. Which of the following is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

   1. NK cells  

   2.  Phagocytes

   3.  Macrophages

   4.  Neutrophils

   5. None of the above

4. Neutrophils

1. In a primary immune response, how long does it take for the body to respond to the antigen?

   1. 1-4 days  

   2.  7-15 days

   3.  4-7 days

   4.  1-7 days

3. 4-7 Days

1. Which of the following are ways an infection can be introduced to the immune system

   1. Vaccinations

   2. Exposure to pathogens in the environment

   3. Prebiotics

   4. Probiotics

   5. All of the above

5. All of the above

What are these false feet called?

1. Killer T-Cell 

2.  Filopodia

3.  Pseudopodia

4. Foraminifera

5. Lamellipodium

3. Pseudopodia

1. Which of the following is a difference between B-cell and T-cell clonal deletion?

   1. B-cell clonal deletion originates in the red bone marrow, T-cell clonal deletion does not  

   2. B-cells that are not complementary to any autoantigen are released into the blood unlike T-cells

   3. B-cells need to recognize an MHC in order to receive the survival signal

   4. B-cell clonal deletion happens in the thymus

   5. None of the above

1. B-cell clonal deletion originates in the red bone marrow, T-cell clonal deletion does not  

1. Which of the classes of antibodies are the most prevalent?

   1. IgE 

   2. IgD

   3. IgA

   4. IgG

   5. IgM

4. IgG

1. Which of the following are secondary lymphoid organs?

   1. Thymus

   2. Red Bone Marrow

   3. Lymph Nodes

   4. A and C

   5. All of the above

3. Lymph Nodes

1. Which cytokine inhibits the spread of viral infections 

   1. Interleukins  

   2.  Interferons 

   3.  Growth factors

   4.  Tumor Necrosis Factors

   5. Chemokines

2. Interferons

1. What do interleukins do?

   1. Link immune cells together  

   2.  Stimulate movement of immune cells 

   3.  Attack infectious agents

   4.  Send signals between immune cells

   5. Stimulate division of immune cells 

4. Send signals between immune cells

1. Which of the following is a primary function of the macrophage?

   1. Repairing damaged cell tissue  

   2.  Responding to allergens

   3.  Remembering information about pathogens

   4. Phagocytizing pathogenic organisms

   5. None of the above

4. Phagocytizing pathogenic organism

1. In which of the following structures do B-Lymphocytes mature in

   1. Spleen  

   2. Red Bone Marrow

   3. Tonsils

   4.  Lymph nodes

   5. None of the above

2. Red Bone Marrow

1. If your white blood cells are overwhelmed with fighting off pathogens, what is most likely to happen? 

   1. They commit mass apoptosis  

   2.  Gametes enter the bloodstream to assist the white blood cells

   3.  Chemicals are released to signal for a fever 

   4.  Your brain signals swelling of your whole arm

   5. None of the above

3. Chemicals are released to signal for a fever

1. Which of the following do NOT induce a fever in the body 

   1. Interleukin   

   2.  Prostaglandin 

   3.  Cytokinetic B-antibodies

   4.  Tumor necrosis factors

   5. None of the above, all induce a fever

3. Cytokinetic B-antibodies

1. How many heavy chains does an immunoglobulin have?

1. 2

2. 3

3. 0

4. 1

5. 4

1. 2

 Interferons are proteins produced by what?

1. NK cells

2. MAST cells

3. Macrophages

4. Cells that respond to stimuli

5. Neutrophils

4. Cells that respond to stimuli

Which of the following is NOT a class of antibodies?

1. IgB

2. IgA

3. IgE

4. IgD

5. IgM

1. IgB

Which class of antibody is the most common and long-lasting?

1. IgM

2. IgG

3. IgA

4. IgE

5. IgD

2. IgG

How many interleukins have scientists currently identified?

1. 30

2. 32

3. 35

4. 37

5. 40

3. 35

T/F IgG is the most prevalent antibody in the blood

True

T/F The thymus is the most important organ in the secondary immune system

False

Antigens are protein receptors found on B-Cells which play a crucial role in immune response

False

T/F After someone is exposed to a particular antigen and undergoes a primary immune response, they will never experience symptoms of sickness again from that antigen

False

T/F When white blood cells and macrophages are overwhelmed they produce pyrogen chemicals that cause fever and faster metabolisms

True

T/F Antigens are produced by the body and can attach to antibodies to neutralize and signal the lysis of the antibody

False

T/F The transfer of IgG antibodies from the mother to the fetus by FcRn receptors syncytiotrophoblast cells through the placenta is an example of active immunity

False

T/F The innate immune system provides specific responses to particular pathogens

False

T/F The chemokines are chemotactic

True

T/F Tumor Necrosis Factors are secreted by B-cells

False, usually macrophages

T/F A high neutrophil count signals that you are healthy

False

T/F Neutrophils don’t self-destruct after destroying an antigen

False

T/F Lymph and blood differ in the direction they circulate the body

True

T/F Apoptosis is uncontrolled cell suicide

False, Necrosis is uncontrolled cell suicide

T/F Monocytes are the largest lymphocytes

True

 T/F: Remembering cells are a form of protection for the body.

True

T/F: T cells mature in the thymus

True

T/F B Cells mature in the thymus

False, they mature in the bone marrow

T/F IgM is the least prevalent antibodies

False, usually IgE a the least prevalent

T/F: Histamine white blood cells release basophils to fight allergens. 

False, other way around

T/F: Basophils are the largest type of white blood cells. 

True

T/F: Penicillin works by breaking down bacterial cell walls, killing the bacteria

True

T/F Vaccines are a form of active immunity

True

T/F Antibiotics work by attaching themselves to a bacteria’s cell wall to prevent it from spreading

True

FRQ How is the immune system different from other body systems

It’s a collection of different organs that have a common function and is easily adaptable

FRQ What kind of response will the next infection be if you’ve been infected once? What does the timeline for that look like?

Your next infection will be a secondary infection. You will be cured faster because your antibodies will be ready to fight earlier

FRQ What is the function of a Basophil? Which types of infections/reactions does it specifically deal with?

Defend from infections in the body and protect the body. It specifically deals with parasites

FRQ Compare neutrophils and macrophages. What is a key difference between the two?

FRQ Which of the external barriers of the immune system is the most important for preventing disease in your opinion?

FRQ How do antibodies work in the fight against pathogens and lead to the agglutination of pathogens?

Antibodies will bind to the binding sites of the pathogen so that they cannot bind to the targets. The antibodies connect and clump together.

FRQ How does EBV attack White Blood cells? What Blood cells does it target?

EBV targets the B-Lymphocytes. After infecting the B-lymphocytes, EBC prevents the cell from committing apoptosis and ventures to infect Memory B-cells

FRQ Explain how the vaccine prepares the immune system to fight a specific pathogen

A vaccine introduces a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen, or a part of it into the body. This triggers the production of memory B and T cells without causing illness. If the real pathogen enters the body in the future, these memory cells recognize it and initiate a faster and stronger immune response.

FRQ What is the role of B and T lymphocytes? How are they different and similar?

They are both white blood cells that are a part of the immune response system of the body. B lymphocytes come from bone marrow while T lymphocytes come from the thymus. B cells produce antibodies that help neutralize viruses and pathogens. T cells destroy pathogens and help communicate with the immune system to stimulate and control the response.

FRQ What is the relationship between antibodies and antigens

FRQ What’s the difference between the primary and secondary immune response. List TWO examples

FRQ Describe the role of macrophages in the immune response

FRQ Explain the role of the thymus in the production of T-cells

The thymus is the site of production and maturation of T-cells.

FRQ What’s the difference between active and passive immunity. List some examples of each

Passive immunity is when a person is introduced to antibodies instead of developing them on their own through combating a pathogen. An example of passive immunity is when infants are passed on antibodies from their mothers through the placenta. Passive immunity takes less time to develop, but is temporary. Active immunity, on the other hand, is acquired through the body combating a antigen and developing its own antibodies for it, such as a person gaining COVID-19 immunity through being sick with the virus. This immunity can be natural or vaccine-induced, and takes a while to develop but is long-lasting.

FRQ Explain how antibiotic resistance occurs

When a person doesn’t finish a full course of antibiotics, they allow for the strongest/ fittest cells to survive and reproduce which makes them hosts to cells that can’t be killed by antibiotics

FRQ What is the importance of one marrow

Bone marrow is home to stem cells which have the ability to become any type of cell, most importantly, red blood cells which play a crucial role in the immune system

FRQ Compare and contrast B-cell receptors (BCRs) and antibodies

BCRs and antibodies are both immunoglobulins. However, they attach to cells in different ways. BCRs are membrane-bound by a transmembrane tail. Antibodies lack both of those distinctive characteristics, and are instead soluble

FRQ What are the three types of antigens? Distinguish the differences between them.

The three types include exogenous, endogenous, and autoantigens. Exogenous antigens include toxins and other secretions and components of microbial cell walls, membranes, flagella, and pilli. Endogenous antigens: includes protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses that reproduce inside a body’s cells to produce endogenous antigens. Autoantigens are antigenic molecules derived from normal cellular processes.