ap psych unit 7

instinct theory

behavior is motivated by involuntary instincts that help us survive

evolutionary psychology

behavior is motivated by the instinct to pass on our genes / reproduce

drive reduction theory

a physiological need leads to drive / tension that motivates a certain behavior that will satisfy that drive

arousal theory

motivation comes from lack of arousal or too much arousal

yerkes hodson law

performance is best at moderate arousal

sensation seeking

zuckerman: boredom susceptibility, disinhibition (open to do things that other’s do not), experience seeking, thrill and adventure

incentive theory

intrinsic motivation: motivated to do it because you enjoy it

extrinsic motivation: motivated to do it for a reward

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

transcendence needs, self actualization, esteem, love and belonging, safety, physiological needs

cognitive dissonance theory

the motivation to change behavior, attitude, or perception of behavior occurs when your attitude does not match up with behavior

theory of needs - mcclelland

motivated by the need for affiliation, need for power, need for achievement

Walter mischel marshmallow experiment

marshmallow experiment with the kids to see if they could delay gratification

explanatory / attribution styles

seligman:

optimistic - believe failures due to environment and successes due to ability

pessimistic - believe failures due to ability and successes due to environment

locus of control

rotter:

internal - I make things happen

external - things happen to me

self efficacy

bandura

high self efficacy - believe you can master environment

low self efficacy - believe that you cannot no matter how hard you try

mindset

dweck: growth v.s. fixed

chemical signals for hunger

hunger: glucose (low = hungry) and ghrelin (acts on hypothalamus), satiety: leptin and insulin (released by pancreas, extract glucose)

role of hypothalamus in hunger

lateral: stimulates appetite

ventromedial: signals to stop eating

psychosexual factors for hunger

situational factors, classical conditioning, cultural norms

bmi

ratio of height to weight, normal = 18.5-25

set point theory

nature - everyone has homeostatic weight you stay around

metabolic rate

rate at which you burn calories

below set point = slower rate

above set point = faster rate

heritability coefficient for weight

0\.6-0.8

environmental factors for weight

sleep deprivation and friends

anorexia nervosa

vmi below normal, abnormally thin / emaciation, intense fear of gaining weight, body dysmorphia, dangerous measures to lose weight

binge eating

excessive uncontrollable eating in a short time followed by feeling digust/shame and dieting, cycle repeats

bulimia

binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain

hormones responsible for sexual motivation

estrogen, testosterone/androgen, oxytocin, all released by pituitary gland

kinsey

conducted surveys where people were more open about sexual behaviors

sexual orientation - Kinsey scale

0 = straight, 6 = gay, sexuality is a spectrum, more due to nature

masters and Johnson - human sexual response cycle

excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution

evolutionary predisposition for sexual motivation

ovulation: attracted to masculinity

non ovulation: attracted to femininity

James lange theory

we feel emotion because of our behavior and arousal

facial feedback hypothesis

we feel emotion because of how our facial characteristics move

cannon bard theory

we feel emotion and arousal at the same time after sensory information is relayed to the thalamus

schachter’s two factor theory

we feel emotion after we figure out why we are aroused

spillover effect

tendency of how you mood can be affected by the moods of others

excitation transfer

sympathetic arousal can transfer over

i.e. annoyed because someone bumped into you, now you’re annoyed at your friend

misattribution of arousal

get the reason for why you are annoyed wrong

cognitive appraisal theory

Lazarus:

feel emotion and arousal after primary appraisal and sometimes a reappraisal occurs

affirmative primary theory

Ledoux/zajonc:

arousal comes after emotion

7 basic emotions

ekman: anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness, contempt

evolutionary persective

darwin, emotions can save your life

intensification

when you exaggerate the expression of one’s emotion

deintensification

muting the expression of one’s emotion

masking

expressing one emotion while feeling another

neutralizing

show no emotion but still feeling something

feel-good-do-good phenomenon

when you’re in a positive mood, you’re more likely to do nice things for others

adaptation-level phenomenon

getting used to something that a makes you happy so now it no longer brings happiness

relative deprivation

you’re never happy with what you have because someone has something better than you

selye

father of stress

eustress

good stress that lead to better performance

distress

bad stress that leads to worse performance

sources of stress

major life changes, chronic stressors (something you’re dealing with all the time), hassle (small but annoying), frustration (something is blocking from goal), conflict

Lewin’s conflicts

approach-approach: 2 good options

avoidance-avoidance: 2 bad options

approach-avoidance: options with both good and bad aspects

sam system (sympatho-adreno-medullary)

1. hypothalamus sends signal to pituitary gland

2. pituitary gland released ACTH to adrenal gland

3. adrenal gland releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

hps axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocordicual)

1. hypothalamus sends signal to pituitary gland

2. pituitary gland released ACTH to adrenal gland

3. adrenal gland releases cortisol

selye’s general adaptation syndrome (gas)

1. alarm: initial reaction, sympathetic ns activates, arousal

2. resistance: arousal lessens but still present

3. exhaustion: arousal decreases and body weakens

personality types - stress

type A: impatient, controlling, competitive

type B: patient, easygoing, not competitive

frustration-aggression hypothesis

dollard: frustration leads to aggression

catharsis hypothesis

being aggressive relieves stress

coping mechanisms

problem-focused and emotion-focused

tend and befriend

talking to friends in order to relieve stress

biofeedback

monitoring physiological reactions and learning relaxation methods to relieve stress

ID

impulsive, irrational, immoral, pleasure principle

superego

sense of right or wrong, morality principle

ego

reality principle, wants what ID wants but does not want to feel guilty because of the superego

psychodynamic conflict

conflict between ID and superego

repression

repress memories

denial

i did not do it

projection

putting your desires / feelings onto someone else

displacement

taking your anger out on someone who is not the source of the anger

reaction formation

say the opposite of what you feel/want

sublimation

channel emotions/desires into socially acceptable activities

regression

when you go back to an earlier stage of development to deal with anxiety

rationalization

come up with excuses / justification for behavior

identification

find someone or something to identify with / act like

compensation

try to find something that makes you feel secure to make you feel less like a failure

overcompensation

Alfred Adler

the more we try to show how great we are, the more inferiority is being masked

karen horney

thought freud’s model was misogynistic, womb envy

compliance

sacrifice own feelings to get others to like you

aggression and dominance

show others you’re better / make it clear what you want

withdrawal and detach

do not express anything

jung’s analytic psychology

collective unconscious: all humans share common beliefs and values

archetypes: symbols/ideas that we see in life

critique of psychodynamic approach

• poor testability (very subjective)

• based on case studies and not science/experiments

• biological determinism: believes you have no free will in life

humanistic/phenomenonlogical approach

the approach that believes everyone can make their own choices

roger’s self concept theory of personality

• self actualizing tendency: all on the path to growth/reaching potential

• self concept: real self and ideal self

• congruence: when real self matches ideal self

positive regard

* under roger’s self concept
* conditional regard: i love you only if…
* unconditional positive regard: i love you no matter what → self actualized

critique for roger’s self concept theory (humanistic)

• too optimistic, naive pov

• poor testability, cannot test self actualization

• cultural bias: individualism v.s. collectivism

allport’s trait theory: idiographic approach

* belief: everyone is unique
* cardinal traits: dominate personality
* central traits: main personality traits
* secondary traits: traits that differ depending on situation

personality inventories: nomothetic approach

we are not all that unique, we all have traits we share, objective tests / self report data

factor analysis

things are grouped together to tell something about your personality

big five factor model (costa/mccrae) OCEAN

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

eyesenck’s biological traits

extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

mbti - myer’s briggs type indicator (jung)

type tests: either or, not a spectrum

critique for trait type approach

• self report data, bias

• descriptive v.s. explantory - does not explain why

• barnhum effect - too general

• trait-situation - ignores that you might be different in different situations

social learning theory (mitchel)

people change personality depending on situation and past experiences

reciprocal determinism (bandura)

environmental factors, personal actors, behaviorial factors, all interact

expectancy theory (ratter)

people act a certain way if they know that it will benefit them