Anatomy, Physiology, and Immunology Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering anatomy, physiology, and immunology concepts.

Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts.

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells performing a common function.

Organs

Structures made of two or more tissue types performing specific functions.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs working together for complex functions.

4 Main Tissue Types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces, tightly packed, protective, absorbs/secretes.

Connective Tissue

Supports, binds, has matrix; includes bone, fat, blood.

Muscle Tissue Types

Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), smooth (involuntary, not striated).

Nervous Tissue

Sends electrical signals; neurons and glial cells.

Epithelial Tissue Classification

By layers (simple/stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Connective Tissue Definition

Cells in an extracellular matrix.

Types of Connective Tissue

Loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, adipose.

5 Major Senses

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch (+ balance, temperature, pain).

Organs in Human Body

About 78.

Vital Organs

Brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys.

Largest External Organ

Skin.

Largest Internal Organ

Liver.

Number of Organ Systems

Eleven.

Systems For Material Exchange

Respiratory, digestive, circulatory, excretory.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails; protects, regulates temp, senses, vitamin D.

Skin Layers and Tissues

Epidermis (epithelial), dermis (connective), hypodermis (fat).

Burn Classifications

1st (epidermis), 2nd (dermis), 3rd (all layers).

Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores

Meat-eaters, plant-eaters, both-eaters.

Organs in the Digestive System

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

Why We Eat

For energy and nutrients.

Biomolecules For Tissue Repair

Proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids.

Four Stages of Digestion

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination.

Alexis St. Martin’s Case

Role of stomach and gastric juices in digestion.

Role of Mouth in Digestion

Mechanical (chewing), chemical (saliva/amylase).

How Food Swallowed Safely

Epiglottis blocks trachea.

Peristalsis

Muscle contractions moving food through digestive tract.

Stomach Capacity

About 1 to 1.5 liters.

Digestion in Stomach

Churning (mechanical), acid and enzymes (chemical).

Protects the Stomach Lining

Mucus.

Sphincters in the Stomach

Cardiac and pyloric sphincters.

Chyme

Partially digested, creamy food in stomach.

Small Intestine Function

Absorbs nutrients.

Parts of Small Intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

Duodenum Enzymes

Pancreatic enzymes and bile.

Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder Roles

Enzymes, bile production, bile storage.

Tissue in Small Intestine

Simple columnar epithelium with villi.

Large Intestine Function

Absorbs water, forms feces.

Role of Gut Microbes

Aid digestion, produce vitamins.

Circulatory System Function

Transport oxygen, nutrients, wastes.

Open vs Closed Circulatory System

Open: fluid flows freely; Closed: blood in vessels.

Three Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries (away), veins (to heart), capillaries (exchange).

Heart Chambers

2 (fish), 3 (amphibians), 4 (mammals).

How Blood Returns From Legs

Valves and muscle contractions.

Major Blood Components

Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, platelets.

Blood Flow Pathway

Vena cava → right heart → lungs → left heart → body.

Define Disease

A condition disrupting normal function.

Pathogen

A disease-causing microbe.

Commensal Microorganisms

Harmless/beneficial microbes.

Immunity vs Susceptibility

Immunity: resistance; Susceptibility: vulnerability.

Beneficial Microbes

Aid digestion, immune training.

Pathogenic Microbes

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa.

Infection Routes

Air, food, contact, blood, vectors.

Mucosal System

Immune tissue in mucous membranes.

Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

Innate: fast, general; Adaptive: specific, memory.

1st Line of Defense

Prevent pathogen entry.

2nd Line of Defense

Inflammation, immune cells.

Physical Barriers

Skin, mucus.

Chemical Barriers

Stomach acid, enzymes.

Microbiome Function

Competes with pathogens.

Three Stem Cell Lineages

Myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid.

Granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Agranulocytes

Monocytes.

Lymphocytes

T-cells and B-cells.

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells.

Phagocytosis

Cell engulfs pathogens.

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Detect common pathogen features.

Antigen

Molecule triggering immune response.

T-Cell Maturation Site

Thymus.

T-Cell Roles

Kill infected cells, activate others.

B-Cell Maturation Site

Bone marrow.

B-Cell Activation Results In

Plasma cells (antibodies) and memory cells.