excitatory-inhibitory

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Last updated 2:21 PM on 7/9/26
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8 Terms

1
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Excitatory synapses

positive signals (via glutamate)

2
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Inhibitory synapse

negative signals (via GABA)

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<p>Who/what decides when and where this inhibitory bouton occurs?</p>

Who/what decides when and where this inhibitory bouton occurs?

hypotheses: if we make the excitatory dendrite (red) too strong, the inhibitory axon (green) will react to that

  1. via glutamate uncaging the excitation was made stronger: activating glutamate with a laser (by breaking the “cage” around the inactive glutamate)

  2. With the 2-photon laser, you can do this very locally right in front of the spina (as if there was a presynaptic terminal releasing glutamate)

  3. This was stimulated several times (an ltp-like stimulus)

  4. The stimulated spine grows/we make them stronger (induce LTP at these spines) → locally more excitation than inhibition - ill the coordination be restored??

  5. A clear bouton was formed; the inhibitory axon responded to the increase in excitation at the dendrites


<p>hypotheses: if we make the excitatory dendrite (red) too strong, the inhibitory axon (green) will react to that</p><ol><li><p>via glutamate uncaging the <strong>excitation was made stronger:</strong> activating glutamate with a laser (by breaking the “cage” around the inactive glutamate) </p></li><li><p>With the 2-photon laser, you can do this very <strong>locally </strong>right in front of the spina (as if there was a presynaptic terminal releasing glutamate) </p></li><li><p>This was stimulated <strong>several times </strong>(an ltp-like stimulus) </p></li><li><p>The stimulated spine grows/we make them stronger (induce LTP at these spines) → locally more excitation than inhibition - ill the coordination be restored?? </p></li><li><p>A clear bouton was formed; the inhibitory axon responded to the increase in excitation at the dendrites</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Formation of a bouton

  1. Een dendritische spine wordt sterk gestimuleerd (door glutamaat).

  2. Hierdoor ontstaat LTP → de spine groeit en wordt sterker.

  3. Door de calciuminstroom via NMDA-receptoren maakt de dendriet de endocannabinoïde 2-AG.

  4. 2-AG diffundeert terug naar een nabijgelegen inhibitorisch axon (retrograde signaling).

  5. Op dat axon zitten CB1-receptoren.

  6. Activatie van CB1 zorgt ervoor dat het axon een nieuw inhibitorisch bouton vormt (een nieuwe remmende synaps).


<ol><li><p>Een <strong>dendritische spine</strong> wordt sterk gestimuleerd (door glutamaat).</p></li><li><p>Hierdoor ontstaat <strong>LTP</strong> → de spine groeit en wordt sterker.</p></li><li><p>Door de calciuminstroom via NMDA-receptoren maakt de dendriet de endocannabinoïde <strong>2-AG</strong>.</p></li><li><p><strong>2-AG diffundeert terug</strong> naar een nabijgelegen inhibitorisch axon (retrograde signaling).</p></li><li><p>Op dat axon zitten <strong>CB1-receptoren</strong>.</p></li><li><p>Activatie van CB1 zorgt ervoor dat het axon een <strong>nieuw inhibitorisch bouton</strong> vormt (een nieuwe remmende synaps).</p></li></ol><p></p>
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experiment met de CB1-receptorblokkers


  1. De CB1-receptoren op het inhibitorische (groene) axon werden geblokkeerd, waardoor het axon niet langer kon reageren op endocannabinoïden uit de dendriet.

  2. De dendriet werd gestimuleerd → de spine groeide (LTP).

  3. Er werden echter géén nieuwe inhibitorische boutons gevormd.

Conclusie: de vorming van nieuwe inhibitorische synapsen verloopt via de endocannabinoïde (2-AG)-CB1-signaalroute. Zonder CB1-receptoren kan het axon het retrograde signaal van de dendriet niet ontvangen


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gating

bepalen welke informatie wel of niet wordt doorgelaten

  • De extra inhibitie is niet bedoeld om leren tegen te houden, maar om de informatieverwerking selectiever te maken.

  • -AG zorgt voor de vorming van een lokale inhibitorische synaps naast het actieve cluster.

  • Die inhibitorische synaps remt alleen dat specifieke cluster en niet de hele neuron.

  • Hierdoor kunnen neuromodulatoren en interneuronen afhankelijk van de gedragscontext bepaalde clusters aan- of uitzetten.



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norepinephrine

  • NE is released when an animal is aroused or experiences some novelty

  • NE (probably) enhances the contrast between new (novel) and familiar

  • NE enhances dendritic excitability in pyramidal neurons (which enhances the plasticity → which is why you remember new experiences much more)

  • NE triggers small depolarization in interneurons

  • NE triggers PKA activity in the distal dendrites of interneurons and not so much in the soma → Does NE affect input summation or firing properties in interneurons??


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We can also activate PKA activity with norepinephrine or with dopamine: do they also trigger bouton formation?

  • Yes, if we activate the dopamine D1 receptor, we can trigger new inhibitory bouton formation

  • 5 min of norepinephrine results in only a small PKA activity, with no significant bouton formation

  • prolonged norepinephrine results in long and strong PKA activity and significant bouton formation ➢ so whether you’re happy (more dopamine) or stressed (more norepinephrine) modulates the plasticity of your inhibitory synapses