A&P Exam 2 - izzy

The condition in which an artery in the lungs becomes obstructed by a clot that originated in another part of the body.

Pulmonary embolism

Diabetes insipidus is caused by _______.

ADH deficiency

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

It carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart

What occurs in arteries that result in the disease called atherosclerosis?

Plaques containing cholesterol and other fats accumulate in the vessel walls

What is an action of growth hormone?

Enhances the movement of amino acids into cells

What is the correct sequence of components of the cardiac conduction system?

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Purkinje fibers

During ventricular contraction, what is the status of the atrioventricular valves?

The mitral and tricuspid valves are both closed

What blood vessels hold the greatest volume of blood?

Veins

What controls most hormone concentrations?

Negative feedback

What endocrine gland secretes triiodothyronine?

Thyroid gland

When is blood pressure in the large systemic arteries the greatest?

During ventricular systole

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

An insensitivity of cells to insulin

Refers to an abnormally slow heart rate.

Bradycardia

Bruise-like spots that may develop on the skin as a result of a low platelet count.

Petechiae

Conditions that predispose to sickling of hemoglobin in persons with sickle cell anemia include _____.

Decreased tissue oxygen saturation

What chambers of the heart will contain oxygen-poor blood?

The right atrium and right ventricle

What causes the first heart sound? When does this occur?

Closure of the atrioventricular valves soon after the beginning of ventricular systole

If untreated, which of the following describes how diabetes mellitus might affect bodily fluids?

Increased urine osmotic pressure

What if the effect of a steroid hormone binding to a receptor in a target cell?

It directly causes protein synthesis

Blood entering the right atrium comes from what structure(s)?

Venae cavae and coronary sinus

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial node

Which is true about an individual who is Rh-negative?

Their red blood cells lack the Rh antigens

Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the ____.

Liver

Which of the following is increased when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases?

Stroke volume

Iron is a component of what substance?

Heme

When taking a pulse at the wrist, which artery is being palpated?

Radial artery

Prothrombin time is a blood test used to evaluate the _______.

Extrinsic clotting mechanism

Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral valve

Which vessel does not branch off to the aorta?

Pulmonary artery

Which of the following is not required for the formation of a blood clot?

Albumin

What is the normal pH of blood?

7.3 to 7.5

What is the action of cortisol?

To stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

Which is a true statement about the effect of the Frank-Starling law on the heart?

Increased diastolic stretching of myocardial fibers produces increased stroke volume

An upregulated cell has an increase in ______.

The number of receptors available for binding

A child is born with a genetic mutation that results in the lack of production of plasminogen. How will this affect hemostasis?

Because plasminogen is converted to a clot-dissolving substance, blood clots will not be broken down

What would be the effect of a reduced venous return?

Reduced end-diastolic volume and, without compensation, reduced cardiac output

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Anterior to the trachea

What stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulation via the vagus nerve has what effect on heart function?

They are parasympathetic impulses that decrease heart rate

What primarily controls the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

Blood calcium concentration

What is the underlying cause of sickle cell disease?

A genetic mutation

What hormone is produced in response to the absence of light in the environment and is associated with circadian rhythms?

Melatonin

The pain of angina pectoris results from a blockage in an artery that supplies what structure/area?

Heart

Hypoxemia with stimulate the release of _______.

Erythropoietin

What is the action of insulin?

Decreases concentration of blood glucose

What is the action of glucagon?

Increases blood glucose concentration

Name two substances that function to dissolve blood clots.

Tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase

Cardiac output can be determined by the following formula:

HR x SV (heart rate x stroke volume)

Typically, what percentage of a sample of human blood is made up of red blood cells?

45%

Platelets are cell fragments that are released by what type of cell?

Megkaryocytes

The sound from the closing of which valve is best heard with a stethoscope placed on the fifth intercostal space just to the left of the sternum?

Tricuspid valve

Blood flowing from the vena cavae to the pulmonary trunk passes through what series of structures?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

Biliverdin and bilirubin are pigments that result from the breakdown of _______.

Hemoglobin

What type of antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells of a person with type AB blood?

Both antigens A and B

What type of arrhythmia is most life-threatening?

Ventricular fibrillation