Key Concepts in Biology
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Flashcards covering key concepts in biology including cell types, enzyme functions, and factors affecting enzyme activity.
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What are the two main types of cells in living organisms?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.
What do Eukaryotic cells contain that Prokaryotic cells do not?
A nucleus.
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
It contains DNA, which controls the cell's activities.
What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?
They are the site of respiration, releasing energy for the cell.
What is the function of ribosomes?
They join amino acids together to make proteins.
What structure do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
A cell wall made of cellulose.
What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To carry out photosynthesis and produce food for the plant.
What are the two types of DNA found in bacterial cells?
Chromosomal DNA and Plasmid DNA.
What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells?
To move substances by beating cilia along the surface of tissues.
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
What is a substrate in chemistry?
A molecule that gets changed in a chemical reaction.
What happens to an enzyme when its active site changes shape?
It becomes denatured and can no longer catalyse reactions.
What types of reactions do enzymes catalyse?
Breakdown and synthesis reactions.
What do proteases do?
They break down proteins into amino acids.
What affects the shape and activity of enzymes?
Temperature and pH.
What is the impact of high temperature on enzymes?
It can denature the enzyme by changing the shape of the active site.
What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?
Often neutral pH 7, but it can vary.
Why can adding more substrate not increase the reaction rate indefinitely?
Because once all active sites on the enzymes are full, adding more substrate makes no difference.
What occurs during enzyme denaturation?
The enzyme loses its functional shape and cannot catalyse reactions.