PE Studies ATAR Year 11

Skeletal system functions

provides support, attachment point for muscles, allows movement, protection, and mineral/fat storage; blood cells made in bone marrow

Where are the biceps and triceps located?

Upper arm

What does the trapezius do?

Shoulder harness

What are the deltoids?

Shoulder muscles

What do the latissimus dorsi muscles cover?

The sides and lower part of the back

Abdominals

Core muscles

Where are the pectorals located?

Chest

What are the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles?

Upper and lower calf muscles

Where is the tibialis anterior muscle located?

Front of the shin

Where are the quadriceps located?

Front of thigh

Where is the adductor group located?

In the inner thighs

What is the gluteus maximus?

The largest muscle of the buttocks

Where are the hip flexors located?

Front of the hips

Gluteus maximus location

Back of the pelvis

Gluteus maximus role

Hip extension

Gluteus maximus sports example

Gymnastics backwards kick

Hamstrings location

Back of upper thigh

Hamstrings role

Knee flexion

Soleus location

Deeper muscle found under big calf muscles

Soleus role

Ankle plantar flexion

Soleus sports example

Sprinting, walking jumping

Hamstrings sports example

Gymnastics tuck jump

Gastrocnemius location

Back of lower leg

Gastrocnemius role

Ankle plantar flexion

Gastrocnemius sports example

Ballet dancer on points

Trapezius role

Shoulder elevation- e.g. cricket batting

Triceps role

Elbow extension- e.g. shooting hoops

Latissimus dorsi role

Shoulder adduction and extension- e.g. butterfly

What are skeletal muscles responsible for?

Voluntary movement

Skeletal muscle tissue characteristics

Excitability, extendibility, contractility, elasticity

Steps for muscle contraction

Brain sends a nerve impulse

Exciting impulse reaches either fast or slow twitch muscle

Excitability

The ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals.

Extensibility

The capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length

Contractibility

The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten

Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched

Origin

Attachment point to stationary bone

Insertion

Attachment point to the moving bone

Reciprocal inhibition

Reflex preventing a muscle contracting if the muscle opposite is contracting

Agonist

Prime mover which contracts to create movement

Antagonist

Relaxes to allow movement to occur

Stabilizer

Keeps surrounding joints stable

Dorsiflexion agonist and antagonist

agonist - Tibialis anterior

antagonist - Gastrocnemius

Plantar flexion agonist and antagonist

Agonist: Gastrocnemius

Antagonist: Tibialis Anterior

Knee extension agonist and antagonist

Agonist--Quadriceps

Antagonist--Hamstrings

Knee flexion agonist and antagonist

Agonist--Hamstrings

Antagonist--Quadriceps

Hip flexion agonist and antagonist

Agonist: Hip flexors

Antagonist: Gluteals

Hip extension agonist and antagonist

Agonist - Gluteals

Antagonist - Hip flexors

Stability, leverage and attachment in musculoskeletal system

Bones stabilise our movements

Muscles attach to bones

When muscle pulls on bone, it acts as a lever for movement

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Joints and muscle around joints

Joints make us mobile and provide capacity for movement

Muscles pull on the bone to make movement occur

Fast twitch muscle fibres

Pull on bone rapidly to create fast movement

Slow twitch muscle fibres

Pull on bone slowly for slower movement

Fibrous joint

Bones connected by strong, inflexible fibrous tissue. Immovable- Bones held tightly in place

Cartilaginous joints

Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by flexible cartilage

Synovial joints

Bones are not touching but are within a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid. Freely movable- bones are able to move in one or more directions, depending on the type of synovial joint

Fibrous joint example

Joint between bones of the skull (sutures)

Cartilaginous joint example

First sternocostal joint (1st rib and sternum)

Ball and socket joint example

Hip and shoulder

Hinge joint example

Knee, ankle and elbow

Pivot joint example

Atlantoaxial joint

Condyloid joint example

Wrist

Gliding joint example

Intercarpals

Saddle joint example

Thumbs

Ball and socket joint movement

All directions

Hinge joint movement

One direction

Pivot joint movement

One direction

Condyloid movement direction

Two movements

Gliding joint movement

All directions

Saddle joint movement

Two directions

Joint

Where two or more bones meet

Flexibility

The range of movement possible at a joint

Flexion pair

Extension

Adduction pair

Abduction

Rotation pair

Circumduction

Plantar flexion pair

Dorsiflexion

Supination pair

Pronation

Eversion pair

Inversion

Elevation pair

Depression

The heart

The heart is a pump, divided into two segments: left and right

Left: Supplies the body with blood- thick muscular wall pump to pump blood further

Right: Sends blood to the lungs

Heart Chambers and Valves Label

Artery structure and function

Largest, strongest, stretchiest

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins structure and function

Smaller, weaker, less stretchy

Carry blood from the body/lungs back to the heart

Capillaries structure and function

Smallest

One cell thick

Pulmonary side of cardiovascular system

Circulates blood between the heart and lungs

Systemic side of cardiovascular system

Circulates blood between the heart and rest of body

Exercise effect on circulatory system

Exercise makes the heart pump blood harder and faster than at rest

Plasma features

90% water, makes up 55% of blood volume

Plasma function at rest

Suspend and carry other cells around the body

Plasma function exercise

Pass fluid from blood to body tissue e.g. dehydrated muscles

Red blood cells features

Make up 99% of our body cells

Red blood cells function at rest

Carry oxygen to where it is needed in the body

Red blood cells function exercise

Carry carbon dioxide and metabolic byproducts away from muscles

White blood cell features

1 WBC: 700 RBCs larger than RBCs

White blood cell function at rest

Fight infection and disease by destroying bacteria

White blood cell function exercise

Increased activity- keep athletes healthy and able to perform

Platelet features

1 platelet: 700 RBCS, very small

Platelets function at rest

Form blood clots at damaged tissue to prevent infection and blood loss

Platelets function exercise

Preventing bleeding when muscle tissue is damaged during exercise

Respiratory system function

Allows us to breathe

Breathing allows us to take oxygen in and expel carbon dioxide out of the body

Components of the respiratory system

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura, diaphragm