Chapter 6 Superset

Axial Skeleton

bones of the thorax, spinal column, hyoid, middle ear, and skull

Appendicular Skeleton:

bones of the arms, legs, hips, and shoulders

The Axial Skeleton has a total of ___ bones

80

The Appendicular Skeleton has a total of ___ bones

126

sternum

The manubrium(superior portion), the body(central portion), the xiphoid process(inferior portion)

ribs

attached by cartilage to allow movement when we breathe

True ribs

vertebrosternal; pairs 1-7 connect anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

False ribs

vertebrocostal; pairs 8-10 connects to the costal cartilage of the rib 7 and to the thoracic vertebrae

Floating ribs

pairs 11-12; no anterior attachment

The spinal column has

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral(midbutt), and 3-5 coccygeal(tailbone)

Arthritis

an inflammatory process of the joints, reduces flexibility and range of motion

Osteoporosis

decrease of bone density

Hairline Fracture

doesn’t completely break the bone and looks like a piece of hair on an xray

Simple/closed fracture

a break with minimal displacement and doesn’t break skin

Spiral fractures

caused by a twisting motion to the bone

comminuted fracture

occurs when the bone fragments or splinters

compound/open fracture

when the bone protrudes from the skin

Cartilage

a specialized form of dense connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber on the ends of bones

bursa

a small sac that secretes synovial fluid between ligaments, cartilages, or tendons

joint

when two or more bones are joined together

ligaments

holds joints together, connects bone to bone, and allows movement

tendon

cordlike structures that attach muscle to bone

Joints are classified by _____ and ______

function and structure

fibrous joints

held together by short connective tissue ex, sutures in the skull

cartilaginous joints

held together by cartilage

Synovial Joints(SJ)

freely moving joints lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

Gliding Joint (SJ)

flat or slightly curved bones found in the wrists and ankles that slide back and forth

Hinge joints (SJ)

open and close movement found in the knees and elbows

Saddle joints (SJ)

rocks up and down and side to side, found in the base of the thumb

Ellipsoidal joints (SJ)

allows two axes of movement like with the radius and the ulna

Pivot Joints (SJ)

allows partial rotation found in neck and forearm

Ball and Socket Joints (SJ)

provides all types of movement and rotation, found in hips and shoulders

The Skeletal System

produces blood, protects organs, stores minerals, helps us breathe, and allows movement

bones are classified according to their _____

shape

Long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide

short bones

bones that are equal in width and length, found mostly in wrists and ankles

flat bones

thinner bones that can be flat and curved

Irregular bones

odd shaped bones needed to connect other bones

Periosteum

tough connective tissue containing blood vessels that transports blood and nutrients into the bone, and acts as an anchor point for ligaments and tendons

The adult skeleton has ___ bones

206

epiphysis

the ends of the bone

diaphysis

the region between the ends of the bone

Medullary cavity

the hollow region inside the bone that contains marrow

yellow marrow

has a high fat content and can convert to red marrow and is found in the medullary cavity

red marrow

makes blood

there are two types of bone tissue. _____ and _____ tissue

Compact and spongy

Compact bone

hard tissue found in the shafts of long bone and on the outer layer of other bones

osteons

the tightly packed cylindrical units that make up compact bone

spongy/cancellous bone

a form of compact bone arranged in bars and plates called trabeculae

projections

acts as points of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and joints

grooves and depressions

act as pathways for nerves and blood vessels

articulation points

joining points where projections and depressions work together to form joints

Ossification/Osteogenesis

the formation of bone in the body

The four types of cells involved in bone growth are:

Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts

Osteoprogenitor cells

nonspecialized cell found in the periosteum, endosteum, and central canal of compact bones

Osteoblasts

secretes a matrix of minerals that build bone and arises from nonspecialized osteoprogenitor cells

Osteocytes

mature bone cells that were originally osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

tears down old bone material and helps move calcium and phosphate into the blood

Calcitriol

a hormone release when you aren’t getting enough calcium which stimulates the osteoclasts

Bone development begins when you are a _____

embryo

Intramembranous ossification

when connective tissue cells turn into osteoblasts and form a matrix and eventually become osteocytes

Endochondral ossification

when cartilage is replaced by bone

Epiphyseal/growth plate

a thin band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers that allows bones to keep growing

reduction(setting)

the bones must be immobilized so the ends will stay touching

Stage 1 of Bone Repair:

hematoma(clot) formation and inflamation

Stage 2 of Bone Repair:

Soft (fibrocartilage) callus formation. Cartilage fills the space between the bones

Stage 3 of Bone Repair:

hard(bony) callous formation. Bone replaces the cartilage via endochondral ossification

Stage 4 of Bone Repair:

the bone is remodeled by the osteoblasts and osteoclasts until the fracture is undetectable

Flexion

bending a joint; decreasing angle

Extension

Straightening a joint; increasing angle

Plantar flexion

pointing toes down

Dorisflexion

standing on your heels so your toes point up

Abduction

Moving away from the body’s midline

Inversion

turning a foot inwards towards the other foot

Eversion

turning foot outward away from other foot

Supination

turning palms up

Pronation

turning palms down

Protraction

drawing a part forward

Retraction

drawing a part backwards

Circumduction

circular arm movement like a pitcher

Rotation

spinning on a axis