BSU Sociology 100 Final - Hennessee

According to Berger, the sociological perspective is "seeing the general in the particular". He means that sociology:

helps us see the relationship between general social patterns and individual behaviors

According to genetic behavioralists, _____% of human behavior is genetically based.

50

When using the Structural Functionalist theory to examine US education, learning to read is considered a:

manifest function

When comparing interpretive to scientific sociology, interpretive focuses on ____ whereas scientific focuses on______.

meanings, actions

According to the Sapir-Worf Thesis:

people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.

Evidence against the idea of the emergence of a single global culture includes:

people embracing their ethnic heritage

Evidence supporting the idea of an emerging single global culture includes:

increased sharing of information through the internet

According to the Social Learning theory, humans are socialized by

imitating those around them.

According to Mead, the Generalized Other is:

one's understanding of the entire communities' attitudes and norms.

Mead's Play Stage:

take the role of another person

The major difference between Freud's and Mead's theories concerning development of personality is

Freud's theory is based in biology and Mead's theory is based in social interaction

According to the Thomas Theorem

Situations defined as real are real in their consequences

Garfinkle performed breaching experiments to show how:

easily reality can be altered, causing confusion for those interacting

According to Langer, a problem with engaging in mindlessness is that you:

may overlook obvious solutions to problems

A doctor visit can be a difficult situation to maintain the appropriate definition because:

there are two or more potential definitions of the situation, and one must be maintained over the other.

The words "bachelor" and "spinster" have:

similar denotations, but different connotations

Sociologically, which is NOT true of stages in the life course?

the length of each stage is similar among all cultures.

Research Concepts (Variable, Independent, Dependent):

Variable - Concept that changes from case to case

Independent - Variable causing the change

Dependent - Variable being changed as a result of the independent variable

Three Major Theoretical Perspectives:

Structural-Functional Approach

Social-Conflict Approach

Symbolic-Interaction Approach

Structural-Functional Approach

Macro-level
- How society is held together
- What are the major parts of society and how are they linked?
- What does each part do to help society work?

Social-Conflict Approach

Macro-level
- How does society divide a population?
- How do advantaged people protect their privileges?
- How do disadvantaged people challenge the system seeking change?

Symbolic-Interaction Approach

Micro-level
- How do people experience society?
- How do people shape the reality they experience?
- How do behavior and meaning change from person to person and from situation to another?

Critical Sociology

(Marx) focuses on the need for social change
- rejects "fixed, natural" social order

Sex refers to _____ differences between females and males, whereas gender refers to _____differences.

biological/behavioral

Intersex individuals possess:

physical characteristics of both sexes

Using Kinsey's Sexual Orientation Continuum, one can assume:

most people have the potential to experience some degree of attraction to both sexes.

A privilege received by someone who chooses a heterosexual sexual orientation is:

a. ALL ARE PRIVILEGES

b. tax benefits from their spouse

c. ability to make medical decisions for their partner

d. increased social acceptance

According to the handout concerning sex education in schools, why is the question "no longer should sex education be taught, but rather how should it be taught"?

many teens are sexually active

In 1965, Simmons asked the general public who they thought were deviant. Who did people choose?

- Prostitutes
- Communists
- Priests

Why do Americans have a less agreement over what is considered deviant behavior than in other countries?

America is culturally diverse

"Phrenology," an early method of studying deviance, said that

the brain is composed of many organs

The earliest researchers of deviant behavior, such as Lombroso, focused on:

physical characteristics of deviant people

According to the text, Durkheim did NOT theorize that deviance:

prohibits social change

Many sociologists criticize the Functionalist theory of deviance for assuming that:

a. ALL ARE CORRECT

b. everyone has the same success goals

c. lack of opportunity will almost always lead to deviance

d. lower class people are more deviant

Conflict theorists explain deviance as:

laws and norms reflect the interest of the powerful

Which is NOT a factor in Quinney's theory of crime?

a. CRIMINAL ACTS ARE PERFORMED BY THE DOMINANT CLASS

b. Criminal justice system enforces laws of the dominant class

c. popular ideology of crime is created by those who get arrested

d. laws are made by the dominant class

The medicalization of deviance is:

redefining moral or legal deviance into a medical condition

According to Hennessee, a valid reason for advocating for the death penalty is because:

it prevents the murderer from doing harm again

The majority of survivors of the Titanic were from the upper, first class section of the ship. This illustrates that:

stratification is not simply based on individual achievement

Karl Marx argued that there were two broad classes, which are:

owners and workers

Which sociologist envisioned that a classless society would exist at some time in the future?

Marx

Which theory of power assumes that many groups with different interests compete for power on roughly equal footing?

Pluralism

The inability to explain high incomes of pro sports players (low social worth) is a critique of which theoretical perspective?

Functionalism

Of the elements of stratification in the US, ____ is distributed less equally than ______.

wealth, income

The upper class of the US consists of the top _____ percent of the total population.

5

The poverty line is figured by multiplying the basic cost of ____ by 3

Food

The problem associated with using the poverty line for qualification of governmental assistance is:

the same line is used in all states, but the cost of living differs

Which of the following is a cultural universal concerning gender systems?

gender systems are based on biological sex

Studies of adult interactions with babies find that adults:

a. are more nurturing with male babies

b. talk more to male babies

c. ADULTS ENGAGE IN ALL THESE BEHAVIORS

d. are rougher with male babies

Considering gender representation in the journalism industry, women are:

Concentrated in positions that have little power

Miner's article, "Rituals of the Nacirema," exemplified:

any culture can sound odd when explained

Early sociologist, Auguste Comte, outlined the Positivist theoretical perspective, which included the assumption:

social phenomena can be understood through scientific methods.

While visiting Central America, Alice Aussie was appalled to find kids eating beetle burritos. She was experiencing:

culture shock

Pete Peersitall considers himself a member of a counterculture. He thinks this because:

he and his friends participate in activities that strongly oppose conventional culture.

Valerie Vanity sees Ollie Oblivious glance at her new outfit and is sure he hates it. She quickly goes home and changes clothes. Her reaction can be best explained by:

Cooley's Looking Glass Self

According to the text, which agent of socialization is most influential?

Family

Stacy Stoodent spends the majority of her time attending class and studying. The role of student is likely her:

master status.

Joe Jobby worked hard to get the esteemed position at Widgets Inc. This status is:

acheived

Molly Mommerwerk is in an important meeting when she gets a call that her son is sick. She is torn between staying at work or getting her son. She is experiencing:

Role Conflict

Ethnomethodologist, Garfinkle, performed breaching experiments to show how:

easily reality can be altered, causing confusion for those interacting

Suzy Simple goes home from college for a weekend. She doesn't worry about her clothes or hair. She relaxes at home. According to Goffman, she is performing _____ presentation.

authenic

Using the conclusions of Durkheim's study of suicide, why would Bob, a single white male, be more apt to commit suicide than Betty, a married black woman?

Betty is more integrated into society than Bob.

Early researchers of deviant behavior, such as Lombroso, focused upon:

physical characteristics of deviant people

Suzy Looz was recently arrested. Her co-workers now remember her past behavior as deviant. They are engaging in:

retrospective stigmatization

Studies of adult interactions with babies find that adults:

are rougher with male babies

One method of maintaining a caste system is:

denying marriage outside one's social group

Many sociologists criticize the Functionalist theory of deviance for assuming that:

All are correct

Ethnicity

Shared cultural heritage among groups

Minority:

category of people, distinguished by physical
or cultural traits and socially disadvantaged

Prejudice:

rigid and irrational generalization about an entire
category of people

Theories of Prejudice:

Scapegoat theory
Authoritarian personality theory
Culture theory
Conflict theory

Discrimination:

treating various categories of people
differently

Vicious Cycle

Step 1: Prejudice and Discrimination
Step 2: Social Disadvantage
Step 3:Belief in Minority's innate inferiority

Family:

social institution found in all societies
that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee
the bearing and raising of children.

Extended family:

family unit that includes parents,
children, and other kin.

exchange theory

a set of ideas related to the rewards and costs associated with human behavior

Functionalist Socialization

Social Order

Conflict Socialization

Social Control

Functionalist Placement

skills

symbolic Interaction (achievement/failure)

labeling, Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Rosenthal and Jacobson:

Self-fulfilling prophesies affect behaviors and attitudes
in the classroom.

Health:

state of mental, physical, and social
well
‑being, involving not merely the absence of
illness, but a positive sense of soundness.

Medicine:

an institution for the diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of illness. Relies on the application of
scientific knowledge.

The Sick Role:

1. exempt from normal social roles
2. not responsible for condition
3. try to get well
4. seek help

Social Change:

Transformation of culture and social
institutions over time

Causes of Social Change

Culture, Conflict, and Ideas

Modernity

Process of social change begun by industrialization

Durkheim(Social Change):

Division of labor caused community to shift
from "bonds of likeness" to "bonds of economic
dependency".

Weber(Social Change):

Modernization caused an increase in
rationality and a decrease in tradition.

Marx (Social Change):

The industrial revolution was a capitalist
revolution.

Postmodernity

Social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies

Mindful Reconstruction of Society:

Active participation in the construction of society is required
to keep personal and social routines meaningful.