EART

Why do most earthquakes occur where they do?

earthquakes occurs in subduction zones which are caused by skip between plates and rupture within plates

List and Describe the factors that affect earthquake damage. Include secondary effects(i.e fire, etc.)

Resonance and natural vibration of rocks and buildings.
Increases the amplitude of the vibration.
Liquefaction - stable soil turns into a fluid, not capable of supporting buildings.
Storage tanks and sewer lines float to surface.
Soil flows down-hill.
Buildings sink.
Tsunami - Seismic Sea Wave
From the vertical displacement of ocean floor.
May travel up to750 mph.
May reach 100 ft high in shallow water.
Fire - causes the most damage. Why?

How is an earthquake located? (Include types of seismic waves)

triangulation of P and S waves to find distance using 3 locations to determine one locationthe deepest earthquakes occur within the core of subduction slabs - oceanic plates that descend into the earth's mantle from convergent plate boundaries, where a dense oceanic plate collides with a less dense continental plate and the former sinks beneath the latter.

Describe the depth profile of the focus of earthquakes at each three plate boundary types

the deepest earthquakes occur within the core of subduction slabs - oceanic plates that descend into the earth's mantle from convergent plate boundaries, where a dense oceanic plate collides with a less dense continental plate and the former sinks beneath the latter.

The place where energy is first released to generate an earthquake is...

The focus

Earthquake waves that are transmitted through the Earth's interior are termed

Primary Waves

Compressional elastic waves (longitudinal – like sound waves) are also called

Primary Waves

S waves cannot travel through what?

Liquids

Where two tectonic plates move past each other, does rock near the plate boundary often stretch and store elastic energy?

Yes, yes it does.

What is the difference between the focus of an earthquake and the epicenter?

The point at the surface immediately above the focus is known as the epicenter. The focus is the place below earth where the energy radiates.

What is the primary way we know about the interior of the Earth?

Through seismic waves

Are Earthquakes now accurately predicted and are forecasted with great precision? How is prediction discussed?

No, and no.

What depth or depths of Earthquakes can be expected at each type of plate boundary?

oceanic - 700km
continental - 20 km
convergent - 400 km

A “7” on the Moment Magnitude Scale releases how much more energy than a “6”?

30 times energy

Describe each of the three types of volcanoes. How are they different from each other? What characteristics do they have?

Shield:
Primarily basaltic lava flows
Very little pyroclastic material.
Gentle slope (6 to 12 degrees)

Cinder Cones
built from ejected lava fragments
very explosive eruptions
small

What would you look for or monitor if you wanted to predict a volcanic eruption?

Seismic activity, landtilt and escaping gases

Where would one expect to find volcanoes in terms of plate tectonics?

Where they meet in subduction zones

What secondary effects would increase the hazards of volcanoes?

lahars, tsunamis and epidemic disease and post-eruption famine.

What 3 factors contribute to the formation of magma?

1. Pressure release melting
2. Addition of water vapor
3. Heating due to contact with asthenosphere and friction.

Why does magma rise soon after it forms?

A lava flow with a jagged, rubbly, broken surface is termed ________, and lava that is smooth and ropy is termed _______.

poence

Be familiar with each of the following plutonic formations: batholith, stock, sill, dike, neck or pipe.

Dike - magma is injected into fractures that cut across rock layers. It is often more resistant to weathering.
Sill - magma in injected along sedimentary bedding surfaces. This forms at rather shallow depths and is from fluid basaltic magma.
Batholith - a pluton exposed over more than 100 square km. May be as much as 20 km thick.
Stock - exposed over less than 100 square km.

Know the characteristics of each of the three types of volcanoes.

Composite Cones
extrudes granitic, viscous lava
violently ejects pyroclastic material
alternating layers of pyroclastics and lava.
Form over a long period of time.

Cinder Cones
built from ejected lava fragments
very explosive eruptions
small

Crater Lake in Oregon is an excellent example of a ________. Know how these are formed.

Volcanic depression

Mount St. Helens is an example of what type of volcano?

Composite cone

What is the “ring of fire?”

a path along the pacific ocean characterized by the active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes

What are columnar joints and how do they form?

Hexagonal column when lava solidifies

What is Pillow lava and how does it form?

pillow lava - when lava cools due to sea water

Describe the bedrock geology of Michigan.

The Michigan Basin contains sedimentary rocks that were deposited in a circular.

How might the earth respond under compressive forces such as a convergent boundary? What structures may develop? Describe the parts of these structures.

How might the earth respond under extensional forces such as a divergent boundary? What structure may develop? Describe the parts of this structure.

In what ways can a rock respond to stress?

it can deform elastically, it can deform plastically, and it can break or fracture.

List the processes that cause mechanical weathering.

Dissolution(Dissolving), reaction with oxygen, and acid/bases reactions

List processes that cause chemical weathering.

Abrasion, salt cracking, frost wedging, thermal expanding, organic activity.

What is Oxidation and how does it help break rock down?

If you live in a moist climate, are you likely to find halite in your backyard?

No, only hot people have halite

How can you distinguish slump from creep by the orientations of the trees?

A creep leans downhill, and a slump tilts uphill

Why are Kames and Eskers features of receding glaciers? How do they form?

Distinguish among ground, recessional, terminal, lateral, and medial moraines.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater and reacts to form what?

A weak carbonic acid

What are the factors that determine the velocity of stream flow include.

Distinguish between mature rivers and youthful rivers.

How does an oxbow lake form?

A stream erodes its bank most rapidly on which side of a curve?

A steep mountain stream usually cuts what shape of a valley?

Alpine glaciers vs Continental Glaciers

What is an iceberg and how does it form?

Glaciated valleys have what shape?

Near the base of the glacier the ice is of what nature?

What proportion of the Earth’s surface water is salty seawater?

Groundwater provides drinking water for how much of the population of North America?

The line that separates the saturated zone from the unsaturated zone is called the…

The water table

Michigan’s numerous lakes were formed how?

Ya know what time it isssss

TERM TIME

slide

A mass movement of earth, rocks, snow, or ice down a slope.

fall

Falls are abrupt movements of masses of geologic materials, such as rocks and boulders, that become detached from steep slopes or cliffs.

flow

mass movements of fine-grained soils that result from composite modes of failure and movement.

slump

downward intermittent movement of rock debris

Deposition

the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass.

Erosion

removal of weathered rocks and minerals from the place they were formed. (by rain, running water, wind, glaciers, and gravity)

Transport

moving sediment great distances via the same agents as erosion.

Weathering

by mechanical and chemical processes. Converts solid rock to gravel, sand, clay and
soil.

Oxidation

Chemical reactions with oxygen

suspended load

Materials carried in the water column ( Sand, silt, and clay)

bed load

Material that rolls or tumbles along the bed of the river, is to heavy to be suspended or float.

dissolved load

Material dissolved within water (20-50% of total load)

capacity

the total amount of sediment a stream is able to transport.

discharge

the volume of water moving down a stream or river per unit of time

meanders

one of a series of regular sinuous curves in the channel of a river or other watercourse.

deltas

wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water

Eutrophic Lake

normal fault

Reverse Fault

anticline

Basin

Syncline

Dome

feature in structural geology consisting of symmetrical anticlines that intersect each other at their respective apices.

The ______ scale expresses earthquake magnitude.

Richter