Anatomy and Physiology Test #3

What are the functions of bone?

support, protection, movement, mineral storage and growth factor storage, Blood cell formation, Triglyceride (fat) storage, Hormone production

What are the classifications of bone based on location (Axial Skeleton)?

Long axis of Body
Skull, Vertebral column, Rib cage

What are the classifications of bone based on location (Appendicular Skeleton)?

Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

What are the classifications of bone based on location (Long Bones)?

Longer than they are wide
Limb Bones

What are the classifications of bone based on location (Short Bones)?

Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones form within tendons (example: patella)
Vary in size and number in different individuals

What are the classifications of bone based on location (Flat Bones)?

Thin, flat, slightly curved
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

What are the classifications of bone based on location (Irregular Bones)?

Complicated shapes
Vertebrae and hip bones

Which bone is Thin, flat, slightly curved?

Flat bones

Which bone is looks like complicated shapes?

Irregular bones

Which bone is cube-shaped?

Short bones

Which bone is Longer than they are wide?

Long bones

What is spongy bone?
A. Spongy bone is typically found inside bones, not on the outer surface.
B. Spongy bone is a made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae
C. Spongy bone is actually lighter and less dense than compact bone.
D. Spongy bone contains blood vessels and is vascularized, allowing for nutrient exchange.

B. Spongy bone is a made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae

What is compact bone?
A. Compact bone is dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
B. Compact bone contains blood vessels within the Haversian canals, making it vascularized.
C. Compact bone is hard and rigid, providing strength and support.
D. Compact bone forms the outer layer of bones, providing structure and protection.

A. Compact bone is dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid

Which type of bone opens between the trabeculae which is filled with red, or yellow bone marrow?
A. Spongy
B. Compact
C. Irregular
D. Short

A. Spongy

Which structure consists of thin plates of spongy bone with trabeculae, covered by compact bone?
A. short, irregular, flat bones
B. spongy
C. compact

short, irregular, flat bones

What is a dipole?
A. A dipole is the layer of spongy bone in flat bones
B. The skin acts as a dipole when exposed to electrical stimuli, affecting the way currents flow through it.
C. The dipole properties of skin may play a role in wound healing processes, as electrical signals can influence cell migration and proliferation.
D. Skin cells, such as keratinocytes, can have dipole characteristics due to their membrane potential, where there is a separation of charges across the cell membrane.

A. A dipole is the layer of spongy bone in flat bones

What can be found sandwhiched between connective tissue membranes?
A. Compact
B. Spongy
C. Cartilage
D. Joint

A. Compact

What is the periosteum?
A. The periosteum is distinct from bone marrow, which is found inside the cavities of bones.
B. The periosteum is the outer layer of bone, not the inner layer. The inner layer of bone is called the endosteum.
C. Periosteum covers outside of compact bone, and covers inside portion of compact bone, and endosteum covers inside portion of compact bones
D. The periosteum is not muscle tissue; it is a dense layer of connective tissue surrounding bones.

C. Periosteum covers outside of compact bone, and covers inside portion of compact bone, and endosteum covers inside portion of compact bones

where can bone marrow be found?
A. Bone marrow can be found deep inside the brain
B. Bone marrow can be found along the digestive tract
C. Bone marrow can be found scattered through the spongy bone; no defined marrow cavity
D. Bone marrow can be found in the lungs lining

C. Bone marrow can be found scattered through the spongy bone; no defined marrow cavity

Where can periosteum be found?
A. Found in the lining of the heart that helps pump blood
B. Covering the digestive tract to move along nutrients
C. Covering the area of lungs that help us breathe
D. Covering the area of bone that is part of a movable joint

D. Covering the area of bone that is part of a movable joint

What does Hyaline cartilage cover?

Area of the bone that is part of a moveable joint

What is the structure of a typical long bone?
A. Shaft (diaphysis) and (epiphyses), and membranes
B. Composed of soft tissue and soft bone marrow
C. Has no hollow cavity
D. Made up entirely of hyaline cartilage

A. Shaft (diaphysis) and (epiphyses), and membranes

What is a diaphysis?
A. Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
B. The spongy bone at the ends of the bone
C. The region where bones connect to joints
D. The outer layer of cartilage covering a bone

A. Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone

What does the diaphysis consist of?
A. Consits of spongy bone surrounding the central medullary cavity that is filled with nothing
B. Consists of spongy bone surrounding the central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults
C. Consists of compact bone surrounding the central medullary cavity that isn't filled with anything
D. Consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults

D. Consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults

What is epiphyses?
A. A membrane that covers bones
B. The central cavity of a bone filled with marrow
C. A type of muscle tissue
D. Ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally

D. Ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally

What is between epiphysis and diaphysis?
A. Medullary Cavity
B. Epiphyseal line
C. Muscle tissue
D. Periosteum line

B. Epiphyseal line

Remnant of childhood _____ _______ where bone growth occurs.
A. Epiphyseal plate
B. Cartilage
C. Periosteum plate
D. Muscle fibers

A. Epiphyseal plate

What is an epiphyseal plate?
A. epiphyseal plate is a double-layered membrane that covers joints
B. epiphyseal plate is basically plasma membrane
C. epiphyseal plate is a shrinking plate that becomes hyaline cartilage
D. epiphyseal plate is a growing plate that becomes an epiphyseal line

D. epiphyseal plate is a growing plate that becomes an epiphyseal line

How many layers of membranes are there?
A. Periosteum and endosteum
B. Fibrous and serous layers
C. Dermis and epidermis
D. Epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage

A. Periosteum and endosteum

What is a white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints?
A. Epiphyseal plate
B. Endosteum
C. Periosteum
D. Epidermis

C. Periosteum

What is an outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of sharpey's fibers that secure to bone matrix?
A. Endosteum
B. Osteogenic Layer
C. Mineral and growth factor storage
D. Fibrous layer

D. Fibrous layer

What is the inner layer touching bone and containing primitive Osteogenic stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells?
A. Osteogenic layer
B. Fibrous Layer
C. Endosteum
D. Peristeum

A. Osteogenic layer

What layer contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels that continue on to the shaft?
A. Periosteum
B. Endosteum

A. Periosteum

What membrane has anchoring points for tendons and ligaments?
A. Periosteum
B. Endosteum

A. Periosteum

What are the lines canals that pass through compact bone?
A. Hyaline Cartilage
B. Skeletal System
C. Peristeum
D. Endosteum

D. Endosteum

What covers lines canals that pass through compact bone?
A. Periosteum
B. Endosteum

B. Endosteum

What has a delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface?
A. Periosteum
B. Endosteum

B. Endosteum

What has a delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal bone surface?
A. Periosteum
B. Endosteum

B. Endosteum

What five major cell types are there in bone tissue?

Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone-lining cells, and Osteoclasts

What are mitotically active cells in periosteum and endosteum?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteogenic cells
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

D. Osteogenic cells

When stimulated, what cell of bone tissue is differentiate into osteoblasts or lone-lining cells?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteogenic cells
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

B. Osteogenic cells

What cells of bone tissue are actively mitotic?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteogenic cells
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

D. Osteoblasts

What cell is a bone-forming cell that secretes unmineralized bone matrix?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoid
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

B. Osteoid

What cell is made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoid
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

B. Osteoid

What cells have collagen makes up 90% of bone protein?
A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteoid
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoclasts

A. Osteoblasts

What cells are mature bones cells in lacunae that no longer divide?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoid
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

C. Osteocytes

What cell maintains bone matrix and acts as stress or strain sensors?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoid
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

C. Osteocytes

What cells respond to mechanical stimuli such as increased force on bone or weightlessness?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoid
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

C. Osteocytes

Put the following in order, starting with nerve stimulus and ending with a muscle contraction. (number them 1-8)
A. Action potential arrives at the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. Ion channels open causing a depolarization
C. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm
D. Action potential moves across the sarcolemma
E. Myosin binding sites are exposed on actin myofilaments
F. Chemical messengers are released from the axon terminal
G. Action potential moves into the transverse tubules
H. Myosin cross-bridges bind to actin initiating a contraction

F. Chemical messengers are released from the axon terminal
B. Ion channels open causing a depolarization
D. Action potential moves across the sarcolemma
G. Action potential moves into the transverse tubules
A. Action potential arrives at the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
C. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm
E. Myosin binding sites are exposed on actin myofilaments
H. Myosin cross-bridges bind to actin initiating a contraction

Put the following structures in order from largest to smallest:
Myofilament Muscle Sarcomere Fiber Fascicle Myofibril

Muscle
Fascicle
Fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilament

How is ATP involved in contractions?
A. Formation, working stroke, Detachment, Cocking of myosin head
B. Myosin Head, Nerve signals, Regulates blood, Calcium product
C. Storing energy, Growth, Contract, Powering
D. Powering, Detachament, Creating heat, Moving muscle

A. Formation, working stroke, Detachment, Cocking of myosin head

What happens when the neural impulse stops?
A. Muscle fibers automatically contract harder
B. ATP production increases dramatically
C. Blood flow to the muscle increases significantl
D. The calcium ions are no longer released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

D. The calcium ions are no longer released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

What cell communicates information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone) so bone remodeling can occur?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoid
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoblasts

C. Osteocytes

What cell has flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix (along with osteocytes)?
A. Long bone
B. Bone-lining cells
C. Short bone
D. Fibrous layer

B. Bone-lining cells

What cell is on external bone surface?
A. Lamellae
B. Periosteal cells
C. Endosteal cells
D. Osteoclasts

B. Periosteal cells

What cells are in internal surfaces?
A. Lamellae
B. Periosteal cells
C. Endosteal cells
D. Osteoclasts

C. Endosteal cells

What cell is derived from same hematopoietic cells that become macrophanges?
A. Lamellae
B. Periosteal cells
C. Endosteal cells
D. Osteoclasts

D. Osteoclasts

Where are giant multinucleate cells function in?
A. Osteogenic layer
B. Bone resorption
C. Endosteum
D. Fibrous Layer

B. Bone resorption

What cells have ruffled borders that serve to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone?
A. Lamellae
B. Periosteal cells
C. Endosteal cells
D. Osteoclasts

D. Osteoclasts

What does compact bone consist of?

Osteon, Canals and Canaliculi, Interstitial and Circumferential Lamellae

Also called lamellar bone?
A. Spongy bone
B. Irregular bone
C. Compact bone
D. Short bone

C. Compact bone

What is the structural unit of compact bone?
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteoid
D. OSteocytes

B. Osteoblasts

What consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to a long axis of bone?
A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteon
C. Osteoid
D. Osteoclasts

B. Osteon

What acts as tiny weight-bearing pillars?
A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteon
C. Osteoid
D. Osteoclasts

B. Osteon

An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of bone matrix called?
A. Lamellae
B. Fibrous Layer
C. Periosteum
D. Endosteum

A. Lamellae

What contains collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings?
A. Fibous Layer
B. Lamellae
C. Periosteum
D. Endosteum

B. Lamellae

Where are bone salts found in between?
A. Shaprey Fibers
B. Collagen Fibers
C. Central Canal
D. Hamtopietic

B. Collagen Fibers

What withstands stress and resists twisting?
A. Nerve Fibers
B. Yellow Bone Marrow
C. Central Canal
D. Lamellae

D. Lamellae

_____ are found between collagen fibers.
A. Osteoblasts
B. Weight-Bearing Pillars
C. Bone salts
D. Nerve Fibers

C. Bone salts

What is found running through the core of osteon?
A. Lacunae
B. Perforating Canals
C. Osteoblasts
D. Central canal

D. Central canal

What contains blood vessels and nerve fibers?
A. Central Canal
B. Perforating Canal
C. Lacunae
D. Canals and Canaliculi

D. Canals and Canaliculi

canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal?
A. Canaliculi
B. Lacunae
C. Perforating canals
D. Central Canal

C. Perforating canals

Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal?
A. Central Canal
B. Lacunae
C. Perforating canals
D. Canals and Canaliculi

D. Canals and Canaliculi

Lacunae are small cavities that contain?
A. Osteocytes
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteoclasts
D. Osteoid

A. Osteocytes

Hair-like canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal.
A. Fibers
B. Cartilage
C. Canal
D. Canliculi

D. Canliculi

Lamellae that are not part of osteon.
A. Lacunae
B. Interstitial Lamellae
C. Intermembranous Lamellae
D. Endochondral Lamellae

B. Interstitial Lamellae

Some fill gaps between forming osteons; others are remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling.
A. Lacunae
B. Interstitial Lamellae
C. Intermembranous Lamellae
D. Endochondral Lamellae

B. Interstitial Lamellae

Just deep to periosteum, but superficial to endosteum, these layers of
A. Interstitial Lamellae
B. Intermembranous Lamellae
C. Endochondral Lamellae
D. Circumferential Lamellae

D. Circumferential Lamellae

Help long bone to resist twisting.
A. Endochondral Lamellae
B. Circumferential Lamellae
C. Lacunae
D. Interstitial Lamellae

B. Circumferential Lamellae

Bone is made up of what components?

Inorganic and organic components

Includes osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, osteoclasts, and osteoid.
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

A. Organic Components

Osteoid, which makes up 1/3 organic bone matrix, is secreted by osteoblasts
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

A. Organic Components

Osteoid, which makes up ___ organic bone matrix, is secreted by ____
A. 1/10, osteoclasts
B. 1/3, osteoblasts
C. 1/2, osteocytes
D. 5/6, osteoid

B. 1/3, osteoblasts

which contributes to high tensile strength and flexibility of bone.
A. Cartilage
B. Elastic fibers
C. Ground substance and Collagen Fibers
D. Connective tissue

C. Ground substance and Collagen Fibers

What component is Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
A. Inorganic Components
B. Organic

A. Inorganic Components

What makes up 65% of bone by mass?
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

B. Inorganic Components

Consist mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers.
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

B. Inorganic Components

Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression.
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

B. Inorganic Components

Bone is half as strong as steel in resisting compression and as strong as steel in resisting tension.
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

B. Inorganic Components

Lasts long after death because of mineral composition.
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

B. Inorganic Components

Can reveal information about ancient people
A. Organic Components
B. Inorganic Components

B. Inorganic Components

Contains no blood vessels or nerves.
A. Skeletal Cartilages
B. Elastic Cartilage
C. Hyaline Cartilages
D. Connective tissue

A. Skeletal Cartilages

Made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water.
A. Hyaline Cartilages
B. Elastic Cartilage
C. Skeletal Cartilages
D. Connective tissue

C. Skeletal Cartilages

Cartilage is made up of ______, cells encased in small cavities (lacunae) within jelly-like extracellular matrix
A. Osteoclasts
B. Chondrocytes
C. Osteoid
D. Osteoblasts

B. Chondrocytes

Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.
A. Appositional Growth
B. Thyroid Growth
C. Horomones
D. Periosteal bud

A. Appositional Growth

New matrix laid down on surface on cartilage
A. Thyroid Growth
B. Appositional Growth
C. Horomones
D. Periosteal bud

B. Appositional Growth

Chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
A. Appositional Growth
B. Thyroid Growth
C. Horomones
D. Interstitial Growth

D. Interstitial Growth

New matrix made within cartilage.
A. Interstitial growth
B. Appositional Growth
C. Thyroid Growth
D. Hormones

A. Interstitial growth

Is the process of bone tissue formation:
A. Osteoblasts
B. Intermembranous
C. Endochondral
D. Ossification

D. Ossification

Begins in month 2 of development (fetus)
A. Formation of diaphysis
B. Formation of heart
C. Formation of bony skeleton
D. Formation of lungs

C. Formation of bony skeleton