Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards on Introduction to Rate My Professor Reviews, Large Intestine, Appendix, Diverticulitis, Colitis, Colon Cancer, Liver, Bile, Gallbladder, Peritoneal Cavity, Kidneys, and Urinary System Functions

Large Intestine

Storage of feces and water reabsorption.

Ileocecal Valve

Regulates the entrance from the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine.

Cecum

Pouch that receives fecal matter from the ileum via the ileocecal valve.

Colon

Ascending, transverse, and descending portions of the large intestine.

Sigmoid Colon

Shaped after the Latin letter Sigma, this colon section requires the levator ani muscle to facilitate defecation.

Levator Ani Muscle

Elevates the sigmoid colon to assist in defecation.

Squatty Potty

Facilitates more effective defecation by lifting the legs and changing the angle of the sigmoid colon.

Rectum

Space where fecal matter is stored before defecation.

Stretch Receptors

Triggers the defecation reflex when stretched.

Anus

Opening through which fecal matter leaves the body.

Internal Anal Sphincter

Smooth muscle sphincter that involuntarily relaxes when stretch receptors are activated.

External Anal Sphincter

Skeletal muscle sphincter that can be voluntarily controlled to prevent defecation.

Appendix

Evolutionary relic with no current function and can cause appendicitis.

Mucosal Epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium with 100% goblet cells that secrete mucus to protect the large intestine lining.

Intestinal Glands

Structures that produce new cells, mucosal epithelium, and goblet cells.

Taenia Coli

Are going to be patterns that are longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa are in so that we prevent segmentation

Diarrhea

Fecal matter moves too fast through the large intestine and there is not enough time for reabsorption of water.

Constipation

Fecal matter moves too slowly through the large intestine and causes over-reabsorption of water.

Fiber

Provides solid consistency to assist in the passage of fecal matter.

Serosa Layer

Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, and peritoneal fluid or serous fluid.

Beneficial Bacteria

Different population of bacteria depending on sex, ethnicity, race, and diet.

E. Coli

Type of bacteria that can cause vomiting if it enters the digestive system.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum due to bacteria leaking from a burst appendix.

Diverticula

Pouches that come out from the large intestine.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of the diverticula.

Colitis

Inflammation of the entire colon of the entire large intestine.

Crohn's Disease

Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the large intestine.

Colon Cancer

Rapidly becoming the number one cancer killer in the United States.

Polyps

Growths in the large intestine that may eventually turn into cancer.

Colonoscopy

Test where a tube with a camera is inserted through the anus to look for polyps.

Fecal Sample

Test where a fecal sample is analyzed for epithelial cells with genetic mutations.

Liver

Largest internal organ with over 500 functions.

Clotting Factors & Albumin

Blood proteins made in the liver.

Liver Function

Also use the liver in order to regulate blood glucose levels. If we can't, then you have issues like diabetes

Bile

Emulsifier for fat; breaks fat apart for digestion.

Liver Lobule

Functional units of the liver.

Hepatic Portal Triad

Contains the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct.

Central Vein

Returns blood back towards the inferior vena cava.

Hepatic Sinusoids

Space made from hepatocytes where blood travels.

Kupfer Cells

Macrophages fixed in place in the sinusoid that break apart red blood cells.

Cirrhosis

Condition where lots of liver lobules die.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver.

Jaundice

Condition where the skin and sclera turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin.

Neonatal Jaundice

Common condition in newborns where the baby turns yellow due to the breakdown of red blood cells.

Hepatic Ducts (Left & Right) & Common Hepatic Ducts

Transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder and duodenum.

Cystic Ducts

Leads over to the gallbladder.

Common Bile Duct

Sends bile over to the duodenum.

Pancreatic Ducts

Sends secretions through an opening known as the sphincter of Odd.

Sphincter of Oddi

Opening where the common bile duct and pancreatic ducts send their secretions into the duodenum.

Gallbladder

Organ that holds and stores bile.

Gallbladder function

Concentrates bile by removing water.

Gallstones

Concentrated bile that has crystallized.

Peritoneal Cavity

Cavity that houses the digestive organs.

Peritoneum

Parietal and visceral layers of the abdominal cavity.

Mesentery

Structure made up of two parietal peritoneum that supplies blood vessels and nerves to the intestines.

Omentum

Similar to the mesentery, except it is larger and wraps around specific organs.

Retroperitoneal Cavity

Space behind the peritoneal cavity.

Infra Peritoneal Cavity

Space that can hold things like the bladder as well as the uterus.

Greater Omentum

Hangs down in front of most of your abdominal organs like an apron.

Urinary System Functions

Removes metabolic wastes, regulates ion concentration and pH levels, regulates blood volume and pressure.

Urea

Major metabolic waste removed by the urinary system.

Renal Capsule

Connective tissue that physically protects the kidney.

Adipose Capsule

Adipose tissue that cushions the kidney.

Renal Fascia

Fascia that anchors the kidney in place.

Renal Cortex

Outer layer of the kidney, where blood is filtered.

Renal Medulla

Inner layer of the kidney; contains renal columns and renal pyramids.

Renal Columns

Allow blood vessels to travel throughout the kidney.

Renal Pyramids

Where urine is processed and produced.

Calyx/Calices

Send urine from the renal pyramids to the renal pelvis.

Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Bladder

Sends the urine that we just produced into the lab structure which will be known as the renal pelvis then over to a tubular structure known as the ureter, and then to the, bladder