PSYC lec 11 motivation/emotion

motivation vs motive

motivation: internal process/condition that directs behaviour

motive: need or desire

5 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

1. Instinct

2. Drive Reduction

3. Arousal

4. Incentive

5. Hierarchy of needs

describe instinct theory and why is it insufficient to explain behaviour

-motivated by biological (innate) instincys

-instincts are automatic behaviour activated by stimuli

-insufficient b/c some behaviours ppl do (bungeejump) contradict survival instincts

describe drive reduction theory and describe one factor each thats similar and diff from instinct

-physiological need creates aroused state that motivates us to REDUCE that need

-motivated to RESTORE BALANCE (homeostasis)

-pushed by biological inborn needs (similar to instinct)

-pulled by incentives (reward) (diff from instinct)

whats an example of drive reduction theory

biological need (body dehydrated), so driven to drink, motivated to satisft drive

Arousal theory and what are some behaviours it explains that others cant

motivated to pursue OPTIMUM level of AROUSAL (stimulation)

-diff from drive reduction (about returning to homeostasis)

-some motivated to increase arousal, some motivated to decrease arousal

explains: thrill seeking dangerous behaviour or gossip

explain Yerkes-Dodson law

-arousal increases performance up to certain point (after, it can interfere w performance)

-optimal level of arousal depends on if its easy or hard task

-example: arousal can help studying, but too much cause high panic

-for simple task, higher arousal better but still, too high is bad

whats intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

INTRINSIC: engage in behaviour simply for SATISFACTION

EXTRINSIC: engage in behaviour for REWARD (money, grades, attention) (correlated w/ amount/quality of output of performance)

Incentive theory

-external factors motivate behaviour

(praise, money)

primary vs secondary incentives

primary: innate: reward food or punishment pain

secondary: viewed as rewarding as result of learning abt their association: work for money

what pathway in brain during pleasurable experience

DOPAMINE pathway: ventral tegmental area UP TO nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex

-opiate/dopamine release

multiple motivations: Maslows hierarchy of needs (5) list bottom to top

BOTTOM TO TOP:

5. Physiological needs (food, water, sex)

4. Safety needs (feel safe/secure)

3. Belonging/Love needs (have close relationship w others)

2. Esteem needs (feel good)

1. Self-Actualization needs (become what one is capable of becoming) (full potential)

one sentence whats the hierarchy of needs theory

-behaviour motivated by CURRENT most basic need

-basic survival needs must be satisfied first before motivated to satisfy higher level needs

what are biological motives, and are they instinctual too

hunger, thirst, sex

NOT INSTINCTUAL!!!

why are we motivated to drink? explain

-lose water thru day and body is 60% water

-must drink to: MAINTAIN VOLUME in body and MAINTAIN ION-TO-WATER BALANCE in cells

3 cues to eat and 1 cue to stop eating

cues to eat:

-empty stomach/nutrients in bloodstream

-levels of glucose (blood sugar), lipids (produced when body break down fats from food), leptin (released from fat cells as they grow)

-lateral hypothalamus (LH) signal hunger/thirst

cues to stop:

-Ventromedial region of hypothalamus (VMH) signals satiety (fullness)

what part of brain destroyed when see a rat overeating dramatically. and what syndrome causes unstoppable appetite, related to the brain dysfunction

-VENTROMEDIAL hypothalamus (VMH)

-no satiety signal=overeating

-Prader-Willi syndrome cause unstoppable appetite

how does food have a strong social association (an example)

ppl eat more in social settings than when alone

whats the term for the weight that induviduals typically return to even after dieting/overeating

body weight set point

a BMI over… is obese

over 30

body mass index meaning

weight to height ratio

3 diff causes of obesity (simple)

-genetics

-psychological

-enviro/social : status, portion size, social circle/social eating

whats the eating disorder term (2 words) for under-eating and disorted body image of becoming overweight. what % cases result in death? affect 1 in how many young canadian women

-Anorexia Nervosa

-10% cases death

-1 in 300 women

list 4 treatments for anorexia nervosa

-cognitive-behavioural therapy

-nutritional counselling (provide alternatives)

-hospitalization

-family therapy (encourage healthy relationships that buffer against disorder)

whats the eating disorder (2 words) that is a cycle of binge-eating then purging (vomiting) what was eaten

Bulimia Nervosa

-induce vomiting, uses laxatives and lots of excercise

-secretitive/ashamed

-result: medical/dental problems

do ppl with bulimia nervosa seem under or overweight? 1 in how many young canadian women. what might be causes and what are treatments

-most dont seem underweight

-1 in 300 women

-possible causes: OCD, anxiety/depression, often with self-harming behaviours

-treatment: behaviour modification

-reward healthy behaviour

-cognitive therapy

-antidepressant (if eating done to cope w negative emotions)

what qualifies as binge eating (for how long) and treatment

-multiple times a week over months/years

-no control, psychological distress, eating quick and when full, done alone

treatment: cognitive behavioural therapy

-antidepressants

motivation for sex/mate selection is ___ and ___

-biological (survival and pleasurable)

-social and cultural (sexual norms differ, avilability of potential mates)

which two psyhologists made the sexual response cycle and what are the stgages

-Masters and Johnson

-excitement, plateau, orgasm

what influences sex drive/behaviour/response

reproductive hormones

what are some of the main brain areas activated during sexual activity

-frontal lobes

-basal ganglia

-hypothalamus

-amygdala

what area activated when look at picture of ur boyfriend

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

-activates during early stage, romantic love, and even when no sexual interest

4 related phenomena in sexual orientation

1. sexual BEHAVIOUR

2. sexual IDENTITY (striaght or gay)

3. sexual ATTRACTION (to a person)

4. sexual AROUSAL (to erotic stimuli)

2 methods to operationalize unconscious motivation (with serious limitations)

-Implicit Association Task (IAT)

-Thematic Apperception Task (TAT)

psychological motivation: whats the Hedonic principle?

we avoid painful experiences and approach pleasurable experiences

whats avoidance motivation and approach motivation and what principle it relates to

Hedonic principle

-Avoidance: desire to avoid negative outcome after behaviour

-Approach: desier to experience a positive outcome after behaviour

define “loss aversion”

tendency to be motivated more to avoid loss rather than to achieve gain (even if potential loss/gain are equal size)

whats the term for state of being without motivation

Amotivation

grit meaning

long term preservance toward a goal

affiliation meaning and what benefits from desire to affiliate and some drawbacks?

need to form attatchments to other ppl for support/guidance/protection

benefits:

-relationships increase self-esteem

-less depression

-in healthy relationships, live longer

drawbacks:

-abusive relationships/gangs to try to belong

-reason politics became so polarized (divided)

-social exclusion activates same brain region as pain (anterior cingulate cortex)

-long-term isolation can lead to permanent psychological damage

whats self-determination theory

-competence, relatedness, autonomy give meaning to life and are instinctive

-often associated with competition

what roal does delay of gratification play in long term goals

many of our motives are short sighted, and we need to work toward long term goals

-requires delay of gratification and impulse control

when is prefronta cortex and what is it necessary to comprehend

-necessary to comprehend/develop long-term goals

-fully developed after puberty

why would induvidual differences in psych motives explain voiting behaviour?

difference in motives related to threat, uncertaintiy, affiliation, beliefs