PSYCH 101 final JMU

Formed by combining ____________ and _______________

philosophy and physiology

structuralism

how we do something/ how things work

reductionism

reducing things to their parts

functionalism

why something works as a whole/why is it there/what does it do for us

Freud's contribution to functionalism

the concept of unconscious

behaviorism

break behavior down to smallest part

Skinner

radical behaviorism

radical behaviorism

society determines peoples behavior so teach people to be good citizens

Rogers and Maslow

humanism

humanism

people are unique

emphasis on personal growth and fulfilling potential

free will

cognitive psychology

1960s

study of mental processes

how we process information and how it influences our behavior

evolutionary psychology

natural selection

DNA determines behavior

psychiatry

can give medicine

medical degree

clinical psychology

severe mental/emotional issues

basic counseling

counseling psychology (social work)

basic therapy

not serious disorders

developmental psychology

womb to tomb

people change and are influenced over time

study of change and continuity over time

social psychology

why do people do what they do

how are people influenced

used scientific methods to understand and explain how behavior thoughts and feelings of individuals interact

population

complete group you want study to apply to

sample

everyone in the experiment that you're studying

conclusions made based on sample represent the population

random

everyone in population has an even chance to be in study

goal is to generalize accurately

random assignment

equal chance to be put in groups

operational definitions of variables

different people will explain their experience differently leading to different results

validity

how well does procedure actually measure the variable being studied

relibality

are the same results obtained with repeated measurements

naturalistic observation

observing behavior in its natural context

allows for real life behavior

lacks control, participants might not react, observer bias

case study

intense observation of 1 person or a small group

allows for rich data

doesn't allow representativeness

surveys

efficient, quick and cheap

question bias and truthfulness of answers

experiments

need at least 2 groups: experimental and control

control group is getting the thing

dependent/independent variables

allows for control and discovering cause and effect

could be artificial, interferes with ethics

placebo effect

a beneficial effect, produced by a fake treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment

correlation

an indication of relationship between 2 variables

positive=both going same way

negative= going different ways

direct cortical stimulation

fMRI

giant magnet that aligns electrons to monitor blood flow

can't tell you when something happens only where

brain plasticity

consciousness

your interpretation of awareness of world around you

conscious

aware of events and mental processes

preconscious

mental events outside awareness but can easily be aware of with some focus

unconscious

events actively kept out of consciousness

non conscious

mental processing removed

dual process

emotional process almost always wins

bottom up processing

sense receptors> mind> build interpretation

pure sensation

top down processing

make interpretations from experiences and expectations

try to make sense using your interpretation

attention

can't attend to every stimuli around us so have to decide what to pay attention to

intentional blindness

selective attention

change blindness

when something changes in front of your face and you don't see it

divided attention

no such thing as multitasking only divided attention

circadian rhythms

cycle of behaviors that repeat about 24 hours

beta waves

awake

alpha waves

drowsy

theta waves

light sleep stage 1

sleep spindles

asleep stage 2

delta waves

stage 3/4 deep sleep, big slow waves

REM sleep

body is completely relaxed but brain appears awake in a scan

right before you wake up

deep sleep

occurs earlier in the night

functions of sleep

memory consolidation

tissue grows and repairs

temperature dips

stress hormones dip

washing toxins

Wish fulfillment (Freud)

manifeset content-whats happening in dream

latent content- hidden actual meaning of dream

Function of dreams

to express thing you can't during the day

problem solving view (Cartwright)

think through major problems and wake up with the answers

activation synthesis model (Hobson and McCarthy)

we want to make sense of everything

the way the brain makes sense of random brain functions

neurons will randomly fire> cerebral turns them into stories through dreams

insomnia

most common sleep disorder

narcolepsy

randomly enter REM sleep during everyday activities

sleep apnea

stop breathing in deep sleep and must wake up in order to breathe

night terrors

don't remember these

happen during slow wave sleep

nightmares

remember these

happen during REM sleep

sleep walking

don't remember these

happen during slow wave sleep

tolerance to drugs

get used to effects and need a higher dose

leads to withdrawal

physiological dependence

body needs it

psychological dependence

you feel like you need it, habit

sensation

detect stimulus from the environment and convert into neural signals

physical

perception

interpreting those neural signals

mental

vision

transforms light energy into neural signals

represents objects in terms of shape size and color

packages sensation so brain can make sense of it

cornea

helps protect eye, retracts and flips light onto lens

iris

controls light entering

retina

contains rods and cones, photoreceptors

optic nerve

connects to the central nervous system, sends messages from photoreceptors> brain

cones

6 mil

located:center

low sensitivity to dim light

color sensitive

detail sensitive

rods

120 mil

located: periphery

high sensitivity to dim light

not color sensitive

not detail sensitive

role of cones

specialized for short, medium and high light

perceive different colors

opponent processing

mixes the colors to make all the colors we see

blind spot

area of missing info in our field of vision

feature detectors

sensors specialized to see lines

object constancy

things remain the same despite changes in viewers perspective

perpetual constancy

size and shape of object remain the same despite changes in physical orientation

accommodation

changing sense to match the reaction of the world around you

priming

implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus

Gestalt Principles of Perception

the whole is more than the sum of its parts

proximity

continuity

connectedness

similarity

Rule of proximity

things close together belong together

perceptual set

perceptually stuck, can't see it another way

critical periods

time when certain experiences have to happen or you won't develop properly

ex: vision and language

sensitive periods

time when certain experiences are easier to learn

ex: when you're younger easier to learn a new language

issues with developmental psych

-nature vs nurture (genetics or experience)

-continuity vs discontinuty (changes happen gradually or suddenly)

-individual differences in development

-difference vs deficit (something different or something you are unable to do)

-time

continuity (Skinner)

tell what something will be like from the start

discontinuity (Piaget)

changes happen in stages that are not related

Piaget's Cognition

scheme

mental interpretations of the world around you

your first schemes are reflexes

equilibrium/disequilibrium

balance between your schemes and your experiences

organization

rearrange existing structures

adaptation

add, delete, or build schemes

assimilation: add to pre existing ones

accommodation: completely create new ones

sensorimotor stage

0-2

no knowledge

only use sensory motor skills

object permanence

object still exists even if not directly visible

pre operational stage

2-6

some logic

can't understand more than one thing at a time