Health Indicators, Demography and Population Estimation

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, definitions, and concepts from the lecture notes on health indicators, demography, and population estimation.

Health indicators

Specific, measurable characteristics or statistics describing the health status of a population; numerical measures used to compare health program results and assess goal achievement.

Direct estimate

An indicator that provides a direct estimate of the underlying condition of interest (e.g., Weight-for-Height).

Proxy indicator

An indicator that serves as a substitute for a condition that is difficult to measure (e.g., Socioeconomic Status inferred from occupation of the head of the household).

Valid indicator

An indicator that measures what it is intended to measure.

Reliable indicator

An indicator that yields the same value when measured by different people at different times under similar conditions.

Sensitive indicator

An indicator that can detect small, meaningful changes in the phenomenon being measured.

Specific indicator

An indicator that reflects changes only in the situation of interest.

Feasible indicator

An indicator for which data collection is technically, financially, and operationally possible.

Census

Complete count of a country's population at a given place and time.

Vital Registration System (VRS)

System requiring registration of births, deaths, and marriages; managed by PSA; commonly under-registration is a problem.

National Health Information System (NHIS)

A system aggregating major health data sources for public health use, including disease surveillance, health service information, and hospital data.

PIDSR

Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response; enhanced surveillance for notifiable diseases and health events.

FHSIS

Field Health Service Information System; provides summaries of health service delivery and program indicators at facility level.

HOMIS

Hospital Operation and Management Information System; supports hospital management and data sharing.

SPEED

Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters; disease/event surveillance system.

ONEISS

Online National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.

PhilMIS

Philippine Malaria Information System; disease information system.

Disease registries

Registries for specific diseases, e.g., Cancer Registry, HIV/AIDS Registry.

NDHS

National Demographic and Health Survey; nationally representative health/population/nutrition data; funded by USAID.

MICS

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys; UNICEF surveys describing women and children’s indicators.

YAFS

Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study; national youth survey on risk behaviors and determinants.

Health status indicators

Indicators that measure health outcomes or their risk factors (illness, injury, death, disability).

Health service performance indicators

Indicators that measure aspects of health service delivery, including utilization, accessibility, and quality.

Crude death rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given time/place.

Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)

Number of births per 1,000 women in a specific age group.

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Number of births per 1,000 women of reproductive age in a given period.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Number of births/Midyear population x1000

Measures how fast mortality occurs in a give population

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Estimated number of children a woman would bear across her childbearing years; derived from ASFRs.

Incidence

Number of new cases of a disease occurring in a defined population over a specified period.

Incidence proportion (IP) / Cumulative Incidence (CI)

Proportion of disease-free individuals who develop the disease within a specified period.

Incidence rate (IR) / Incidence density (ID)

Rate at which new cases occur, using person-time as the denominator.

Prevalence

Proportion of existing disease cases in a population at a given time.

Point prevalence

Proportion of existing cases at a single point in time.

Period prevalence

Prevalence over a period, beginning prevalence plus new cases and recurrences.

DALY

Disability-Adjusted Life Year; sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD).

YLL

Years Life Lost due to premature mortality.

YLD

Years Lived with Disability due to disease or injury.

Cause-of-death rate

Mortality rate attributed to a specific cause.

No. of deaths from a certain cause in a calendar year/midyear population x F

Infant mortality rate

Useful indicator of a country’s level of health development

Death under 1 year of age in a calendar year/number of LB in the same year x 1000

Neonatal mortality rate

Deaths within the first 28 days of life

Post-neonatal mortality rate

Deaths from day 29 to 12 months of life.

Maternal mortality rate

Deaths due to pregnanc or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy”

all maternal deaths occuring in a calendar year/number of LB in the same year x 1000

Proportional mortality ratio

Proportion of all deaths that are due to a specific cause.

Case-fatality rate

Deaths from a disease divided by the number of cases of the disease.

Life expectancy at birth

Average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality rates persist.

Absolute increase

Average number of people added to the population per year.

Relative increase

Percent change in population relative to the initial population.

Population pyramid

Graphical display of age and sex structure, typically with males on one side and females on the other.

Population size factors

Natality (births), mortality (deaths), and migration affect population size.

De Facto method

Population allocation to the area where individuals are physically present at the census.

De Jure method

Population allocation to the place of usual residence.

Population composition

Distribution of population by age, sex, and other sociodemographic variables.

Median age

Age below which 50% of the population lies; lower median means younger population.

Age dependency ratio

Ratio of dependents (0-14 and 65+) to the economically active (15-64).

Sex ratio

Number of males/number of females x 100

Population distribution

Description of how people are spread across a space, influenced by geography, politics, culture, and economy.

Population estimation

Computation of future changes in population sizes based on assumptions about fertility, mortality, and migration.

Natural increase

Births minus deaths in a given place and time.

Rate of natural increase

Crude birth rate minus crude death rate; expressed as a rate per 1,000 population.

Relative increase (formula)

(P1 - P0) / P0 × 100, where P0 is initial population and P1 is later population.

Annual rate of growth (r)

Assumes that the population is changing at a constant rate per year.

Mathematical method

This uses mathematical formulas to project population growth with different assumptions

Component methods

This method takes all the factors that affect population size

Birthrate

Number of births per 1000 population

Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1000 population

Emigration

Number of people leaving the country

Immigration

Number of people moving in to the country

Absoulute Numbers

Simple count of the number of perons, houses or events being considered

Ratio

Result of dividing one number by another

Proportion

Special kind of ration wherein the numerator is part of the denominator

when multiplied by 100 it is called a percentage

Rate

Measures how fast an event occurs over time and space

expressed in terms of the frequency of occurence of events

Demography

The scientific study if human population size, structure, composition, and distribution in space